library(ggplot2)
canids <- read.csv("canid_range.csv", header = F, as.is = T)

names(canids) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(canids)
##       genus                  species  minage  maxage
## 1 Aelurodon  Aelurodon asthenostylus 14.7850 18.2000
## 2 Aelurodon          Aelurodon ferox  9.2500 14.7850
## 3 Aelurodon        Aelurodon mcgrewi 14.1815 14.7850
## 4 Aelurodon    Aelurodon montanensis 14.7850 14.7850
## 5 Aelurodon       Aelurodon stirtoni 11.9500 14.7850
## 6 Aelurodon       Aelurodon taxoides  7.6000 14.1815
canid_occ <- ggplot(canids, aes( species, ymin = maxage, ymax=minage, colour = genus))
canid_occ <- canid_occ + geom_linerange()
canid_occ

canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(legend.position="none")
canid_occ

canid_occ <- canid_occ + coord_flip()
canid_occ

canid_occ <- canid_occ +  theme(axis.text.y = element_text(size=3))
canid_occ

canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(axis.ticks.y=element_blank())
canid_occ

canid_occ <- canid_occ + scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 40), expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40))
canid_occ
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).

canid_occ <- canid_occ + labs(title = "Canid Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, size=22, face = "bold"), axis.title =element_text(size=20))
canid_occ
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).

ggsave(filename = "canid-occ.pdf", plot = canid_occ)
## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).

Q: What taxonomic group is displayed? A: Canids

Q: How many unique fossil species are contained within it? A: 171

length(canids$species)
## [1] 171

Q: How many unique fossil genera? A: 58

nrow(canids[!duplicated(canids$genus), ])
## [1] 58

Q: What species has the longest range A: Cormocyon copei

canids[which(
  (canids$maxage - canids$minage) == max(canids$maxage - canids$minage)), 2
  ]
## [1] " Cormocyon copei"

Redo this exercise with another taxon

Taxon: Equidae

Equids <- read.csv("Equid_range.csv", header = F, as.is = T)

names(Equids) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(Equids)
##          genus                    species  minage maxage
## 1 Acritohippus      Acritohippus isonesus 11.9500 18.200
## 2 Acritohippus        Acritohippus quinni 14.1815 17.015
## 3 Acritohippus   Acritohippus stylodontus 14.1815 17.015
## 4 Acritohippus       Acritohippus tertius 18.2000 18.200
## 5 Anchitherium  Anchitherium aurelianense  8.4705 19.500
## 6 Anchitherium     Anchitherium clarencei 14.7850 18.200
Equid_occ <- ggplot(Equids, aes(species, ymin = maxage, 
                                ymax=minage, colour = genus)) + 
  geom_linerange() +
  theme(legend.position="none", axis.text.y = element_text(size = 3),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5,
                                                                size=22, 
                                                                face = "bold"),
        axis.title =element_text(size=20)) +
  coord_flip() +
  scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 40), 
                     expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40)) +
  labs(title = "Equidae Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago")
  
Equid_occ
## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).

ggsave(filename = "Equid-occ.pdf", plot = Equid_occ)
## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).

Q: What taxonomic group is displayed? A: Equidae

Q: How many unique fossil species are contained within it? A: 219

length(Equids$species)
## [1] 219

Q: How many unique fossil genera? A: 43

nrow(Equids[!duplicated(Equids$genus), ])
## [1] 43

Q: What species has the longest range A: Eurohippus parvulus

Equids[which(
  (Equids$maxage - Equids$minage) == max(Equids$maxage - Equids$minage)), 2
  ]
## [1] " Eurohippus parvulus"

Part 2: Data Frames

Exploring Data Frames

# Challenge 1
df <- data.frame(First_name = c("Clive"),
                 Last_name = c("Lau"),
                 Lucky_number = c(5),
                 stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
df <- rbind(df, list("John", "Snow", 4048))
df <- cbind(df, Coffee_break = c("Y", "Y"))

# Challenge 2
source("swcarpentry-R-challenge2.R")

# Challenge 3
str(gapminder)
## 'data.frame':    1704 obs. of  6 variables:
##  $ country  : Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ year     : int  1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
##  $ pop      : num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
##  $ continent: Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ lifeExp  : num  28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
##  $ gdpPercap: num  779 821 853 836 740 ...
# output yields the number of entries and number of variables. It says it is a dataframe with columns "country", "year", "pop", "continent", "lifeExp", and "gdpPercap". 

Subsetting Data

# Challenge 1
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
print(x)
##   a   b   c   d   e 
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5
x[c(2, 3, 4)]
##   b   c   d 
## 6.2 7.1 4.8
x[2:4]
##   b   c   d 
## 6.2 7.1 4.8
x[-c(1, 5)]
##   b   c   d 
## 6.2 7.1 4.8
# Challenge 2
x[-which(names(x) == "g")]
## named numeric(0)
names(x) == "g" # returns T/F for each of the named variables in x checking if they are named "g"
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
which(names(x) == "g") # returns how many of the variables are named "g", in this case, zero.
## integer(0)
x[-which(names(x) == "g")] # returns empty vector
## named numeric(0)
# Statments A and C are true

# Challenge 3
x[which(x < 7 & x >4)]
##   a   b   d 
## 5.4 6.2 4.8
# Challenge 4
m <- matrix(1:18, nrow=3, ncol=6)
print(m)
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,]    1    4    7   10   13   16
## [2,]    2    5    8   11   14   17
## [3,]    3    6    9   12   15   18
m[2,c(4,5)]
## [1] 11 14
# answer D will extract values 11 and 14

# Challenge 5
xlist <- list(a = "Software Carpentry", b = 1:10, data = head(iris))
xlist$b[2]
## [1] 2
# Challenge 6
mod <- aov(pop ~ lifeExp, data=gapminder)
attributes(mod)
## $names
##  [1] "coefficients"  "residuals"     "effects"       "rank"         
##  [5] "fitted.values" "assign"        "qr"            "df.residual"  
##  [9] "xlevels"       "call"          "terms"         "model"        
## 
## $class
## [1] "aov" "lm"
mod$df.residual
## [1] 1702
# Challenge 7
# Extract observations collected for the year 1957
gapminder[gapminder$year == 1957,]
##                       country year       pop continent  lifeExp
## 2                 Afghanistan 1957   9240934      Asia 30.33200
## 14                    Albania 1957   1476505    Europe 59.28000
## 26                    Algeria 1957  10270856    Africa 45.68500
## 38                     Angola 1957   4561361    Africa 31.99900
## 50                  Argentina 1957  19610538  Americas 64.39900
## 62                  Australia 1957   9712569   Oceania 70.33000
## 74                    Austria 1957   6965860    Europe 67.48000
## 86                    Bahrain 1957    138655      Asia 53.83200
## 98                 Bangladesh 1957  51365468      Asia 39.34800
## 110                   Belgium 1957   8989111    Europe 69.24000
## 122                     Benin 1957   1925173    Africa 40.35800
## 134                   Bolivia 1957   3211738  Americas 41.89000
## 146    Bosnia and Herzegovina 1957   3076000    Europe 58.45000
## 158                  Botswana 1957    474639    Africa 49.61800
## 170                    Brazil 1957  65551171  Americas 53.28500
## 182                  Bulgaria 1957   7651254    Europe 66.61000
## 194              Burkina Faso 1957   4713416    Africa 34.90600
## 206                   Burundi 1957   2667518    Africa 40.53300
## 218                  Cambodia 1957   5322536      Asia 41.36600
## 230                  Cameroon 1957   5359923    Africa 40.42800
## 242                    Canada 1957  17010154  Americas 69.96000
## 254  Central African Republic 1957   1392284    Africa 37.46400
## 266                      Chad 1957   2894855    Africa 39.88100
## 278                     Chile 1957   7048426  Americas 56.07400
## 290                     China 1957 637408000      Asia 50.54896
## 302                  Colombia 1957  14485993  Americas 55.11800
## 314                   Comoros 1957    170928    Africa 42.46000
## 326           Congo Dem. Rep. 1957  15577932    Africa 40.65200
## 338                Congo Rep. 1957    940458    Africa 45.05300
## 350                Costa Rica 1957   1112300  Americas 60.02600
## 362             Cote d'Ivoire 1957   3300000    Africa 42.46900
## 374                   Croatia 1957   3991242    Europe 64.77000
## 386                      Cuba 1957   6640752  Americas 62.32500
## 398            Czech Republic 1957   9513758    Europe 69.03000
## 410                   Denmark 1957   4487831    Europe 71.81000
## 422                  Djibouti 1957     71851    Africa 37.32800
## 434        Dominican Republic 1957   2923186  Americas 49.82800
## 446                   Ecuador 1957   4058385  Americas 51.35600
## 458                     Egypt 1957  25009741    Africa 44.44400
## 470               El Salvador 1957   2355805  Americas 48.57000
## 482         Equatorial Guinea 1957    232922    Africa 35.98300
## 494                   Eritrea 1957   1542611    Africa 38.04700
## 506                  Ethiopia 1957  22815614    Africa 36.66700
## 518                   Finland 1957   4324000    Europe 67.49000
## 530                    France 1957  44310863    Europe 68.93000
## 542                     Gabon 1957    434904    Africa 38.99900
## 554                    Gambia 1957    323150    Africa 32.06500
## 566                   Germany 1957  71019069    Europe 69.10000
## 578                     Ghana 1957   6391288    Africa 44.77900
## 590                    Greece 1957   8096218    Europe 67.86000
## 602                 Guatemala 1957   3640876  Americas 44.14200
## 614                    Guinea 1957   2876726    Africa 34.55800
## 626             Guinea-Bissau 1957    601095    Africa 33.48900
## 638                     Haiti 1957   3507701  Americas 40.69600
## 650                  Honduras 1957   1770390  Americas 44.66500
## 662           Hong Kong China 1957   2736300      Asia 64.75000
## 674                   Hungary 1957   9839000    Europe 66.41000
## 686                   Iceland 1957    165110    Europe 73.47000
## 698                     India 1957 409000000      Asia 40.24900
## 710                 Indonesia 1957  90124000      Asia 39.91800
## 722                      Iran 1957  19792000      Asia 47.18100
## 734                      Iraq 1957   6248643      Asia 48.43700
## 746                   Ireland 1957   2878220    Europe 68.90000
## 758                    Israel 1957   1944401      Asia 67.84000
## 770                     Italy 1957  49182000    Europe 67.81000
## 782                   Jamaica 1957   1535090  Americas 62.61000
## 794                     Japan 1957  91563009      Asia 65.50000
## 806                    Jordan 1957    746559      Asia 45.66900
## 818                     Kenya 1957   7454779    Africa 44.68600
## 830           Korea Dem. Rep. 1957   9411381      Asia 54.08100
## 842                Korea Rep. 1957  22611552      Asia 52.68100
## 854                    Kuwait 1957    212846      Asia 58.03300
## 866                   Lebanon 1957   1647412      Asia 59.48900
## 878                   Lesotho 1957    813338    Africa 45.04700
## 890                   Liberia 1957    975950    Africa 39.48600
## 902                     Libya 1957   1201578    Africa 45.28900
## 914                Madagascar 1957   5181679    Africa 38.86500
## 926                    Malawi 1957   3221238    Africa 37.20700
## 938                  Malaysia 1957   7739235      Asia 52.10200
## 950                      Mali 1957   4241884    Africa 35.30700
## 962                Mauritania 1957   1076852    Africa 42.33800
## 974                 Mauritius 1957    609816    Africa 58.08900
## 986                    Mexico 1957  35015548  Americas 55.19000
## 998                  Mongolia 1957    882134      Asia 45.24800
## 1010               Montenegro 1957    442829    Europe 61.44800
## 1022                  Morocco 1957  11406350    Africa 45.42300
## 1034               Mozambique 1957   7038035    Africa 33.77900
## 1046                  Myanmar 1957  21731844      Asia 41.90500
## 1058                  Namibia 1957    548080    Africa 45.22600
## 1070                    Nepal 1957   9682338      Asia 37.68600
## 1082              Netherlands 1957  11026383    Europe 72.99000
## 1094              New Zealand 1957   2229407   Oceania 70.26000
## 1106                Nicaragua 1957   1358828  Americas 45.43200
## 1118                    Niger 1957   3692184    Africa 38.59800
## 1130                  Nigeria 1957  37173340    Africa 37.80200
## 1142                   Norway 1957   3491938    Europe 73.44000
## 1154                     Oman 1957    561977      Asia 40.08000
## 1166                 Pakistan 1957  46679944      Asia 45.55700
## 1178                   Panama 1957   1063506  Americas 59.20100
## 1190                 Paraguay 1957   1770902  Americas 63.19600
## 1202                     Peru 1957   9146100  Americas 46.26300
## 1214              Philippines 1957  26072194      Asia 51.33400
## 1226                   Poland 1957  28235346    Europe 65.77000
## 1238                 Portugal 1957   8817650    Europe 61.51000
## 1250              Puerto Rico 1957   2260000  Americas 68.54000
## 1262                  Reunion 1957    308700    Africa 55.09000
## 1274                  Romania 1957  17829327    Europe 64.10000
## 1286                   Rwanda 1957   2822082    Africa 41.50000
## 1298    Sao Tome and Principe 1957     61325    Africa 48.94500
## 1310             Saudi Arabia 1957   4419650      Asia 42.86800
## 1322                  Senegal 1957   3054547    Africa 39.32900
## 1334                   Serbia 1957   7271135    Europe 61.68500
## 1346             Sierra Leone 1957   2295678    Africa 31.57000
## 1358                Singapore 1957   1445929      Asia 63.17900
## 1370          Slovak Republic 1957   3844277    Europe 67.45000
## 1382                 Slovenia 1957   1533070    Europe 67.85000
## 1394                  Somalia 1957   2780415    Africa 34.97700
## 1406             South Africa 1957  16151549    Africa 47.98500
## 1418                    Spain 1957  29841614    Europe 66.66000
## 1430                Sri Lanka 1957   9128546      Asia 61.45600
## 1442                    Sudan 1957   9753392    Africa 39.62400
## 1454                Swaziland 1957    326741    Africa 43.42400
## 1466                   Sweden 1957   7363802    Europe 72.49000
## 1478              Switzerland 1957   5126000    Europe 70.56000
## 1490                    Syria 1957   4149908      Asia 48.28400
## 1502                   Taiwan 1957  10164215      Asia 62.40000
## 1514                 Tanzania 1957   9452826    Africa 42.97400
## 1526                 Thailand 1957  25041917      Asia 53.63000
## 1538                     Togo 1957   1357445    Africa 41.20800
## 1550      Trinidad and Tobago 1957    764900  Americas 61.80000
## 1562                  Tunisia 1957   3950849    Africa 47.10000
## 1574                   Turkey 1957  25670939    Europe 48.07900
## 1586                   Uganda 1957   6675501    Africa 42.57100
## 1598           United Kingdom 1957  51430000    Europe 70.42000
## 1610            United States 1957 171984000  Americas 69.49000
## 1622                  Uruguay 1957   2424959  Americas 67.04400
## 1634                Venezuela 1957   6702668  Americas 57.90700
## 1646                  Vietnam 1957  28998543      Asia 42.88700
## 1658       West Bank and Gaza 1957   1070439      Asia 45.67100
## 1670               Yemen Rep. 1957   5498090      Asia 33.97000
## 1682                   Zambia 1957   3016000    Africa 44.07700
## 1694                 Zimbabwe 1957   3646340    Africa 50.46900
##        gdpPercap
## 2       820.8530
## 14     1942.2842
## 26     3013.9760
## 38     3827.9405
## 50     6856.8562
## 62    10949.6496
## 74     8842.5980
## 86    11635.7995
## 98      661.6375
## 110    9714.9606
## 122     959.6011
## 134    2127.6863
## 146    1353.9892
## 158     918.2325
## 170    2487.3660
## 182    3008.6707
## 194     617.1835
## 206     379.5646
## 218     434.0383
## 230    1313.0481
## 242   12489.9501
## 254    1190.8443
## 266    1308.4956
## 278    4315.6227
## 290     575.9870
## 302    2323.8056
## 314    1211.1485
## 326     905.8602
## 338    2315.0566
## 350    2990.0108
## 362    1500.8959
## 374    4338.2316
## 386    6092.1744
## 398    8256.3439
## 410   11099.6593
## 422    2864.9691
## 434    1544.4030
## 446    3780.5467
## 458    1458.9153
## 470    3421.5232
## 482     426.0964
## 494     344.1619
## 506     378.9042
## 518    7545.4154
## 530    8662.8349
## 542    4976.1981
## 554     520.9267
## 566   10187.8267
## 578    1043.5615
## 590    4916.2999
## 602    2617.1560
## 614     576.2670
## 626     431.7905
## 638    1726.8879
## 650    2220.4877
## 662    3629.0765
## 674    6040.1800
## 686    9244.0014
## 698     590.0620
## 710     858.9003
## 722    3290.2576
## 734    6229.3336
## 746    5599.0779
## 758    5385.2785
## 770    6248.6562
## 782    4756.5258
## 794    4317.6944
## 806    1886.0806
## 818     944.4383
## 830    1571.1347
## 842    1487.5935
## 854  113523.1329
## 866    6089.7869
## 878     335.9971
## 890     620.9700
## 902    3448.2844
## 914    1589.2027
## 926     416.3698
## 938    1810.0670
## 950     490.3822
## 962     846.1203
## 974    2034.0380
## 986    4131.5466
## 998     912.6626
## 1010   3682.2599
## 1022   1642.0023
## 1034    495.5868
## 1046    350.0000
## 1058   2621.4481
## 1070    597.9364
## 1082  11276.1934
## 1094  12247.3953
## 1106   3457.4159
## 1118    835.5234
## 1130   1100.5926
## 1142  11653.9730
## 1154   2242.7466
## 1166    747.0835
## 1178   2961.8009
## 1190   2046.1547
## 1202   4245.2567
## 1214   1547.9448
## 1226   4734.2530
## 1238   3774.5717
## 1250   3907.1562
## 1262   2769.4518
## 1274   3943.3702
## 1286    540.2894
## 1298    860.7369
## 1310   8157.5912
## 1322   1567.6530
## 1334   4981.0909
## 1346   1004.4844
## 1358   2843.1044
## 1370   6093.2630
## 1382   5862.2766
## 1394   1258.1474
## 1406   5487.1042
## 1418   4564.8024
## 1430   1072.5466
## 1442   1770.3371
## 1454   1244.7084
## 1466   9911.8782
## 1478  17909.4897
## 1490   2117.2349
## 1502   1507.8613
## 1514    698.5356
## 1526    793.5774
## 1538    925.9083
## 1550   4100.3934
## 1562   1395.2325
## 1574   2218.7543
## 1586    774.3711
## 1598  11283.1779
## 1610  14847.1271
## 1622   6150.7730
## 1634   9802.4665
## 1646    676.2854
## 1658   1827.0677
## 1670    804.8305
## 1682   1311.9568
## 1694    518.7643
#Extract all columns except 1 through to 4
gapminder[,-(1:4)]
##       lifeExp   gdpPercap
## 1    28.80100    779.4453
## 2    30.33200    820.8530
## 3    31.99700    853.1007
## 4    34.02000    836.1971
## 5    36.08800    739.9811
## 6    38.43800    786.1134
## 7    39.85400    978.0114
## 8    40.82200    852.3959
## 9    41.67400    649.3414
## 10   41.76300    635.3414
## 11   42.12900    726.7341
## 12   43.82800    974.5803
## 13   55.23000   1601.0561
## 14   59.28000   1942.2842
## 15   64.82000   2312.8890
## 16   66.22000   2760.1969
## 17   67.69000   3313.4222
## 18   68.93000   3533.0039
## 19   70.42000   3630.8807
## 20   72.00000   3738.9327
## 21   71.58100   2497.4379
## 22   72.95000   3193.0546
## 23   75.65100   4604.2117
## 24   76.42300   5937.0295
## 25   43.07700   2449.0082
## 26   45.68500   3013.9760
## 27   48.30300   2550.8169
## 28   51.40700   3246.9918
## 29   54.51800   4182.6638
## 30   58.01400   4910.4168
## 31   61.36800   5745.1602
## 32   65.79900   5681.3585
## 33   67.74400   5023.2166
## 34   69.15200   4797.2951
## 35   70.99400   5288.0404
## 36   72.30100   6223.3675
## 37   30.01500   3520.6103
## 38   31.99900   3827.9405
## 39   34.00000   4269.2767
## 40   35.98500   5522.7764
## 41   37.92800   5473.2880
## 42   39.48300   3008.6474
## 43   39.94200   2756.9537
## 44   39.90600   2430.2083
## 45   40.64700   2627.8457
## 46   40.96300   2277.1409
## 47   41.00300   2773.2873
## 48   42.73100   4797.2313
## 49   62.48500   5911.3151
## 50   64.39900   6856.8562
## 51   65.14200   7133.1660
## 52   65.63400   8052.9530
## 53   67.06500   9443.0385
## 54   68.48100  10079.0267
## 55   69.94200   8997.8974
## 56   70.77400   9139.6714
## 57   71.86800   9308.4187
## 58   73.27500  10967.2820
## 59   74.34000   8797.6407
## 60   75.32000  12779.3796
## 61   69.12000  10039.5956
## 62   70.33000  10949.6496
## 63   70.93000  12217.2269
## 64   71.10000  14526.1246
## 65   71.93000  16788.6295
## 66   73.49000  18334.1975
## 67   74.74000  19477.0093
## 68   76.32000  21888.8890
## 69   77.56000  23424.7668
## 70   78.83000  26997.9366
## 71   80.37000  30687.7547
## 72   81.23500  34435.3674
## 73   66.80000   6137.0765
## 74   67.48000   8842.5980
## 75   69.54000  10750.7211
## 76   70.14000  12834.6024
## 77   70.63000  16661.6256
## 78   72.17000  19749.4223
## 79   73.18000  21597.0836
## 80   74.94000  23687.8261
## 81   76.04000  27042.0187
## 82   77.51000  29095.9207
## 83   78.98000  32417.6077
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## 1159 62.72800  12954.7910
## 1160 67.73400  18115.2231
## 1161 71.19700  18616.7069
## 1162 72.49900  19702.0558
## 1163 74.19300  19774.8369
## 1164 75.64000  22316.1929
## 1165 43.43600    684.5971
## 1166 45.55700    747.0835
## 1167 47.67000    803.3427
## 1168 49.80000    942.4083
## 1169 51.92900   1049.9390
## 1170 54.04300   1175.9212
## 1171 56.15800   1443.4298
## 1172 58.24500   1704.6866
## 1173 60.83800   1971.8295
## 1174 61.81800   2049.3505
## 1175 63.61000   2092.7124
## 1176 65.48300   2605.9476
## 1177 55.19100   2480.3803
## 1178 59.20100   2961.8009
## 1179 61.81700   3536.5403
## 1180 64.07100   4421.0091
## 1181 66.21600   5364.2497
## 1182 68.68100   5351.9121
## 1183 70.47200   7009.6016
## 1184 71.52300   7034.7792
## 1185 72.46200   6618.7431
## 1186 73.73800   7113.6923
## 1187 74.71200   7356.0319
## 1188 75.53700   9809.1856
## 1189 62.64900   1952.3087
## 1190 63.19600   2046.1547
## 1191 64.36100   2148.0271
## 1192 64.95100   2299.3763
## 1193 65.81500   2523.3380
## 1194 66.35300   3248.3733
## 1195 66.87400   4258.5036
## 1196 67.37800   3998.8757
## 1197 68.22500   4196.4111
## 1198 69.40000   4247.4003
## 1199 70.75500   3783.6742
## 1200 71.75200   4172.8385
## 1201 43.90200   3758.5234
## 1202 46.26300   4245.2567
## 1203 49.09600   4957.0380
## 1204 51.44500   5788.0933
## 1205 55.44800   5937.8273
## 1206 58.44700   6281.2909
## 1207 61.40600   6434.5018
## 1208 64.13400   6360.9434
## 1209 66.45800   4446.3809
## 1210 68.38600   5838.3477
## 1211 69.90600   5909.0201
## 1212 71.42100   7408.9056
## 1213 47.75200   1272.8810
## 1214 51.33400   1547.9448
## 1215 54.75700   1649.5522
## 1216 56.39300   1814.1274
## 1217 58.06500   1989.3741
## 1218 60.06000   2373.2043
## 1219 62.08200   2603.2738
## 1220 64.15100   2189.6350
## 1221 66.45800   2279.3240
## 1222 68.56400   2536.5349
## 1223 70.30300   2650.9211
## 1224 71.68800   3190.4810
## 1225 61.31000   4029.3297
## 1226 65.77000   4734.2530
## 1227 67.64000   5338.7521
## 1228 69.61000   6557.1528
## 1229 70.85000   8006.5070
## 1230 70.67000   9508.1415
## 1231 71.32000   8451.5310
## 1232 70.98000   9082.3512
## 1233 70.99000   7738.8812
## 1234 72.75000  10159.5837
## 1235 74.67000  12002.2391
## 1236 75.56300  15389.9247
## 1237 59.82000   3068.3199
## 1238 61.51000   3774.5717
## 1239 64.39000   4727.9549
## 1240 66.60000   6361.5180
## 1241 69.26000   9022.2474
## 1242 70.41000  10172.4857
## 1243 72.77000  11753.8429
## 1244 74.06000  13039.3088
## 1245 74.86000  16207.2666
## 1246 75.97000  17641.0316
## 1247 77.29000  19970.9079
## 1248 78.09800  20509.6478
## 1249 64.28000   3081.9598
## 1250 68.54000   3907.1562
## 1251 69.62000   5108.3446
## 1252 71.10000   6929.2777
## 1253 72.16000   9123.0417
## 1254 73.44000   9770.5249
## 1255 73.75000  10330.9891
## 1256 74.63000  12281.3419
## 1257 73.91100  14641.5871
## 1258 74.91700  16999.4333
## 1259 77.77800  18855.6062
## 1260 78.74600  19328.7090
## 1261 52.72400   2718.8853
## 1262 55.09000   2769.4518
## 1263 57.66600   3173.7233
## 1264 60.54200   4021.1757
## 1265 64.27400   5047.6586
## 1266 67.06400   4319.8041
## 1267 69.88500   5267.2194
## 1268 71.91300   5303.3775
## 1269 73.61500   6101.2558
## 1270 74.77200   6071.9414
## 1271 75.74400   6316.1652
## 1272 76.44200   7670.1226
## 1273 61.05000   3144.6132
## 1274 64.10000   3943.3702
## 1275 66.80000   4734.9976
## 1276 66.80000   6470.8665
## 1277 69.21000   8011.4144
## 1278 69.46000   9356.3972
## 1279 69.66000   9605.3141
## 1280 69.53000   9696.2733
## 1281 69.36000   6598.4099
## 1282 69.72000   7346.5476
## 1283 71.32200   7885.3601
## 1284 72.47600  10808.4756
## 1285 40.00000    493.3239
## 1286 41.50000    540.2894
## 1287 43.00000    597.4731
## 1288 44.10000    510.9637
## 1289 44.60000    590.5807
## 1290 45.00000    670.0806
## 1291 46.21800    881.5706
## 1292 44.02000    847.9912
## 1293 23.59900    737.0686
## 1294 36.08700    589.9445
## 1295 43.41300    785.6538
## 1296 46.24200    863.0885
## 1297 46.47100    879.5836
## 1298 48.94500    860.7369
## 1299 51.89300   1071.5511
## 1300 54.42500   1384.8406
## 1301 56.48000   1532.9853
## 1302 58.55000   1737.5617
## 1303 60.35100   1890.2181
## 1304 61.72800   1516.5255
## 1305 62.74200   1428.7778
## 1306 63.30600   1339.0760
## 1307 64.33700   1353.0924
## 1308 65.52800   1598.4351
## 1309 39.87500   6459.5548
## 1310 42.86800   8157.5912
## 1311 45.91400  11626.4197
## 1312 49.90100  16903.0489
## 1313 53.88600  24837.4287
## 1314 58.69000  34167.7626
## 1315 63.01200  33693.1753
## 1316 66.29500  21198.2614
## 1317 68.76800  24841.6178
## 1318 70.53300  20586.6902
## 1319 71.62600  19014.5412
## 1320 72.77700  21654.8319
## 1321 37.27800   1450.3570
## 1322 39.32900   1567.6530
## 1323 41.45400   1654.9887
## 1324 43.56300   1612.4046
## 1325 45.81500   1597.7121
## 1326 48.87900   1561.7691
## 1327 52.37900   1518.4800
## 1328 55.76900   1441.7207
## 1329 58.19600   1367.8994
## 1330 60.18700   1392.3683
## 1331 61.60000   1519.6353
## 1332 63.06200   1712.4721
## 1333 57.99600   3581.4594
## 1334 61.68500   4981.0909
## 1335 64.53100   6289.6292
## 1336 66.91400   7991.7071
## 1337 68.70000  10522.0675
## 1338 70.30000  12980.6696
## 1339 70.16200  15181.0927
## 1340 71.21800  15870.8785
## 1341 71.65900   9325.0682
## 1342 72.23200   7914.3203
## 1343 73.21300   7236.0753
## 1344 74.00200   9786.5347
## 1345 30.33100    879.7877
## 1346 31.57000   1004.4844
## 1347 32.76700   1116.6399
## 1348 34.11300   1206.0435
## 1349 35.40000   1353.7598
## 1350 36.78800   1348.2852
## 1351 38.44500   1465.0108
## 1352 40.00600   1294.4478
## 1353 38.33300   1068.6963
## 1354 39.89700    574.6482
## 1355 41.01200    699.4897
## 1356 42.56800    862.5408
## 1357 60.39600   2315.1382
## 1358 63.17900   2843.1044
## 1359 65.79800   3674.7356
## 1360 67.94600   4977.4185
## 1361 69.52100   8597.7562
## 1362 70.79500  11210.0895
## 1363 71.76000  15169.1611
## 1364 73.56000  18861.5308
## 1365 75.78800  24769.8912
## 1366 77.15800  33519.4766
## 1367 78.77000  36023.1054
## 1368 79.97200  47143.1796
## 1369 64.36000   5074.6591
## 1370 67.45000   6093.2630
## 1371 70.33000   7481.1076
## 1372 70.98000   8412.9024
## 1373 70.35000   9674.1676
## 1374 70.45000  10922.6640
## 1375 70.80000  11348.5459
## 1376 71.08000  12037.2676
## 1377 71.38000   9498.4677
## 1378 72.71000  12126.2306
## 1379 73.80000  13638.7784
## 1380 74.66300  18678.3144
## 1381 65.57000   4215.0417
## 1382 67.85000   5862.2766
## 1383 69.15000   7402.3034
## 1384 69.18000   9405.4894
## 1385 69.82000  12383.4862
## 1386 70.97000  15277.0302
## 1387 71.06300  17866.7218
## 1388 72.25000  18678.5349
## 1389 73.64000  14214.7168
## 1390 75.13000  17161.1073
## 1391 76.66000  20660.0194
## 1392 77.92600  25768.2576
## 1393 32.97800   1135.7498
## 1394 34.97700   1258.1474
## 1395 36.98100   1369.4883
## 1396 38.97700   1284.7332
## 1397 40.97300   1254.5761
## 1398 41.97400   1450.9925
## 1399 42.95500   1176.8070
## 1400 44.50100   1093.2450
## 1401 39.65800    926.9603
## 1402 43.79500    930.5964
## 1403 45.93600    882.0818
## 1404 48.15900    926.1411
## 1405 45.00900   4725.2955
## 1406 47.98500   5487.1042
## 1407 49.95100   5768.7297
## 1408 51.92700   7114.4780
## 1409 53.69600   7765.9626
## 1410 55.52700   8028.6514
## 1411 58.16100   8568.2662
## 1412 60.83400   7825.8234
## 1413 61.88800   7225.0693
## 1414 60.23600   7479.1882
## 1415 53.36500   7710.9464
## 1416 49.33900   9269.6578
## 1417 64.94000   3834.0347
## 1418 66.66000   4564.8024
## 1419 69.69000   5693.8439
## 1420 71.44000   7993.5123
## 1421 73.06000  10638.7513
## 1422 74.39000  13236.9212
## 1423 76.30000  13926.1700
## 1424 76.90000  15764.9831
## 1425 77.57000  18603.0645
## 1426 78.77000  20445.2990
## 1427 79.78000  24835.4717
## 1428 80.94100  28821.0637
## 1429 57.59300   1083.5320
## 1430 61.45600   1072.5466
## 1431 62.19200   1074.4720
## 1432 64.26600   1135.5143
## 1433 65.04200   1213.3955
## 1434 65.94900   1348.7757
## 1435 68.75700   1648.0798
## 1436 69.01100   1876.7668
## 1437 70.37900   2153.7392
## 1438 70.45700   2664.4773
## 1439 70.81500   3015.3788
## 1440 72.39600   3970.0954
## 1441 38.63500   1615.9911
## 1442 39.62400   1770.3371
## 1443 40.87000   1959.5938
## 1444 42.85800   1687.9976
## 1445 45.08300   1659.6528
## 1446 47.80000   2202.9884
## 1447 50.33800   1895.5441
## 1448 51.74400   1507.8192
## 1449 53.55600   1492.1970
## 1450 55.37300   1632.2108
## 1451 56.36900   1993.3983
## 1452 58.55600   2602.3950
## 1453 41.40700   1148.3766
## 1454 43.42400   1244.7084
## 1455 44.99200   1856.1821
## 1456 46.63300   2613.1017
## 1457 49.55200   3364.8366
## 1458 52.53700   3781.4106
## 1459 55.56100   3895.3840
## 1460 57.67800   3984.8398
## 1461 58.47400   3553.0224
## 1462 54.28900   3876.7685
## 1463 43.86900   4128.1169
## 1464 39.61300   4513.4806
## 1465 71.86000   8527.8447
## 1466 72.49000   9911.8782
## 1467 73.37000  12329.4419
## 1468 74.16000  15258.2970
## 1469 74.72000  17832.0246
## 1470 75.44000  18855.7252
## 1471 76.42000  20667.3812
## 1472 77.19000  23586.9293
## 1473 78.16000  23880.0168
## 1474 79.39000  25266.5950
## 1475 80.04000  29341.6309
## 1476 80.88400  33859.7484
## 1477 69.62000  14734.2327
## 1478 70.56000  17909.4897
## 1479 71.32000  20431.0927
## 1480 72.77000  22966.1443
## 1481 73.78000  27195.1130
## 1482 75.39000  26982.2905
## 1483 76.21000  28397.7151
## 1484 77.41000  30281.7046
## 1485 78.03000  31871.5303
## 1486 79.37000  32135.3230
## 1487 80.62000  34480.9577
## 1488 81.70100  37506.4191
## 1489 45.88300   1643.4854
## 1490 48.28400   2117.2349
## 1491 50.30500   2193.0371
## 1492 53.65500   1881.9236
## 1493 57.29600   2571.4230
## 1494 61.19500   3195.4846
## 1495 64.59000   3761.8377
## 1496 66.97400   3116.7743
## 1497 69.24900   3340.5428
## 1498 71.52700   4014.2390
## 1499 73.05300   4090.9253
## 1500 74.14300   4184.5481
## 1501 58.50000   1206.9479
## 1502 62.40000   1507.8613
## 1503 65.20000   1822.8790
## 1504 67.50000   2643.8587
## 1505 69.39000   4062.5239
## 1506 70.59000   5596.5198
## 1507 72.16000   7426.3548
## 1508 73.40000  11054.5618
## 1509 74.26000  15215.6579
## 1510 75.25000  20206.8210
## 1511 76.99000  23235.4233
## 1512 78.40000  28718.2768
## 1513 41.21500    716.6501
## 1514 42.97400    698.5356
## 1515 44.24600    722.0038
## 1516 45.75700    848.2187
## 1517 47.62000    915.9851
## 1518 49.91900    962.4923
## 1519 50.60800    874.2426
## 1520 51.53500    831.8221
## 1521 50.44000    825.6825
## 1522 48.46600    789.1862
## 1523 49.65100    899.0742
## 1524 52.51700   1107.4822
## 1525 50.84800    757.7974
## 1526 53.63000    793.5774
## 1527 56.06100   1002.1992
## 1528 58.28500   1295.4607
## 1529 60.40500   1524.3589
## 1530 62.49400   1961.2246
## 1531 64.59700   2393.2198
## 1532 66.08400   2982.6538
## 1533 67.29800   4616.8965
## 1534 67.52100   5852.6255
## 1535 68.56400   5913.1875
## 1536 70.61600   7458.3963
## 1537 38.59600    859.8087
## 1538 41.20800    925.9083
## 1539 43.92200   1067.5348
## 1540 46.76900   1477.5968
## 1541 49.75900   1649.6602
## 1542 52.88700   1532.7770
## 1543 55.47100   1344.5780
## 1544 56.94100   1202.2014
## 1545 58.06100   1034.2989
## 1546 58.39000    982.2869
## 1547 57.56100    886.2206
## 1548 58.42000    882.9699
## 1549 59.10000   3023.2719
## 1550 61.80000   4100.3934
## 1551 64.90000   4997.5240
## 1552 65.40000   5621.3685
## 1553 65.90000   6619.5514
## 1554 68.30000   7899.5542
## 1555 68.83200   9119.5286
## 1556 69.58200   7388.5978
## 1557 69.86200   7370.9909
## 1558 69.46500   8792.5731
## 1559 68.97600  11460.6002
## 1560 69.81900  18008.5092
## 1561 44.60000   1468.4756
## 1562 47.10000   1395.2325
## 1563 49.57900   1660.3032
## 1564 52.05300   1932.3602
## 1565 55.60200   2753.2860
## 1566 59.83700   3120.8768
## 1567 64.04800   3560.2332
## 1568 66.89400   3810.4193
## 1569 70.00100   4332.7202
## 1570 71.97300   4876.7986
## 1571 73.04200   5722.8957
## 1572 73.92300   7092.9230
## 1573 43.58500   1969.1010
## 1574 48.07900   2218.7543
## 1575 52.09800   2322.8699
## 1576 54.33600   2826.3564
## 1577 57.00500   3450.6964
## 1578 59.50700   4269.1223
## 1579 61.03600   4241.3563
## 1580 63.10800   5089.0437
## 1581 66.14600   5678.3483
## 1582 68.83500   6601.4299
## 1583 70.84500   6508.0857
## 1584 71.77700   8458.2764
## 1585 39.97800    734.7535
## 1586 42.57100    774.3711
## 1587 45.34400    767.2717
## 1588 48.05100    908.9185
## 1589 51.01600    950.7359
## 1590 50.35000    843.7331
## 1591 49.84900    682.2662
## 1592 51.50900    617.7244
## 1593 48.82500    644.1708
## 1594 44.57800    816.5591
## 1595 47.81300    927.7210
## 1596 51.54200   1056.3801
## 1597 69.18000   9979.5085
## 1598 70.42000  11283.1779
## 1599 70.76000  12477.1771
## 1600 71.36000  14142.8509
## 1601 72.01000  15895.1164
## 1602 72.76000  17428.7485
## 1603 74.04000  18232.4245
## 1604 75.00700  21664.7877
## 1605 76.42000  22705.0925
## 1606 77.21800  26074.5314
## 1607 78.47100  29478.9992
## 1608 79.42500  33203.2613
## 1609 68.44000  13990.4821
## 1610 69.49000  14847.1271
## 1611 70.21000  16173.1459
## 1612 70.76000  19530.3656
## 1613 71.34000  21806.0359
## 1614 73.38000  24072.6321
## 1615 74.65000  25009.5591
## 1616 75.02000  29884.3504
## 1617 76.09000  32003.9322
## 1618 76.81000  35767.4330
## 1619 77.31000  39097.0995
## 1620 78.24200  42951.6531
## 1621 66.07100   5716.7667
## 1622 67.04400   6150.7730
## 1623 68.25300   5603.3577
## 1624 68.46800   5444.6196
## 1625 68.67300   5703.4089
## 1626 69.48100   6504.3397
## 1627 70.80500   6920.2231
## 1628 71.91800   7452.3990
## 1629 72.75200   8137.0048
## 1630 74.22300   9230.2407
## 1631 75.30700   7727.0020
## 1632 76.38400  10611.4630
## 1633 55.08800   7689.7998
## 1634 57.90700   9802.4665
## 1635 60.77000   8422.9742
## 1636 63.47900   9541.4742
## 1637 65.71200  10505.2597
## 1638 67.45600  13143.9510
## 1639 68.55700  11152.4101
## 1640 70.19000   9883.5846
## 1641 71.15000  10733.9263
## 1642 72.14600  10165.4952
## 1643 72.76600   8605.0478
## 1644 73.74700  11415.8057
## 1645 40.41200    605.0665
## 1646 42.88700    676.2854
## 1647 45.36300    772.0492
## 1648 47.83800    637.1233
## 1649 50.25400    699.5016
## 1650 55.76400    713.5371
## 1651 58.81600    707.2358
## 1652 62.82000    820.7994
## 1653 67.66200    989.0231
## 1654 70.67200   1385.8968
## 1655 73.01700   1764.4567
## 1656 74.24900   2441.5764
## 1657 43.16000   1515.5923
## 1658 45.67100   1827.0677
## 1659 48.12700   2198.9563
## 1660 51.63100   2649.7150
## 1661 56.53200   3133.4093
## 1662 60.76500   3682.8315
## 1663 64.40600   4336.0321
## 1664 67.04600   5107.1974
## 1665 69.71800   6017.6548
## 1666 71.09600   7110.6676
## 1667 72.37000   4515.4876
## 1668 73.42200   3025.3498
## 1669 32.54800    781.7176
## 1670 33.97000    804.8305
## 1671 35.18000    825.6232
## 1672 36.98400    862.4421
## 1673 39.84800   1265.0470
## 1674 44.17500   1829.7652
## 1675 49.11300   1977.5570
## 1676 52.92200   1971.7415
## 1677 55.59900   1879.4967
## 1678 58.02000   2117.4845
## 1679 60.30800   2234.8208
## 1680 62.69800   2280.7699
## 1681 42.03800   1147.3888
## 1682 44.07700   1311.9568
## 1683 46.02300   1452.7258
## 1684 47.76800   1777.0773
## 1685 50.10700   1773.4983
## 1686 51.38600   1588.6883
## 1687 51.82100   1408.6786
## 1688 50.82100   1213.3151
## 1689 46.10000   1210.8846
## 1690 40.23800   1071.3538
## 1691 39.19300   1071.6139
## 1692 42.38400   1271.2116
## 1693 48.45100    406.8841
## 1694 50.46900    518.7643
## 1695 52.35800    527.2722
## 1696 53.99500    569.7951
## 1697 55.63500    799.3622
## 1698 57.67400    685.5877
## 1699 60.36300    788.8550
## 1700 62.35100    706.1573
## 1701 60.37700    693.4208
## 1702 46.80900    792.4500
## 1703 39.98900    672.0386
## 1704 43.48700    469.7093
#Extract the rows where the life expectancy is longer the 80 years
gapminder[gapminder$lifeExp > 80, ]
##              country year       pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 71         Australia 2002  19546792   Oceania  80.370  30687.75
## 72         Australia 2007  20434176   Oceania  81.235  34435.37
## 252           Canada 2007  33390141  Americas  80.653  36319.24
## 540           France 2007  61083916    Europe  80.657  30470.02
## 671  Hong Kong China 2002   6762476      Asia  81.495  30209.02
## 672  Hong Kong China 2007   6980412      Asia  82.208  39724.98
## 695          Iceland 2002    288030    Europe  80.500  31163.20
## 696          Iceland 2007    301931    Europe  81.757  36180.79
## 768           Israel 2007   6426679      Asia  80.745  25523.28
## 779            Italy 2002  57926999    Europe  80.240  27968.10
## 780            Italy 2007  58147733    Europe  80.546  28569.72
## 802            Japan 1997 125956499      Asia  80.690  28816.58
## 803            Japan 2002 127065841      Asia  82.000  28604.59
## 804            Japan 2007 127467972      Asia  82.603  31656.07
## 1104     New Zealand 2007   4115771   Oceania  80.204  25185.01
## 1152          Norway 2007   4627926    Europe  80.196  49357.19
## 1428           Spain 2007  40448191    Europe  80.941  28821.06
## 1475          Sweden 2002   8954175    Europe  80.040  29341.63
## 1476          Sweden 2007   9031088    Europe  80.884  33859.75
## 1487     Switzerland 2002   7361757    Europe  80.620  34480.96
## 1488     Switzerland 2007   7554661    Europe  81.701  37506.42
#Extract the first row, and the fourth and fifth columns (lifeExp and gdpPercap).
gapminder[1, c(4, 5)]
##   continent lifeExp
## 1      Asia  28.801
#Advanced: extract rows that contain information for the years 2002 and 2007
gapminder[gapminder$year %in% c(2002, 2007), ]
##                       country year        pop continent lifeExp  gdpPercap
## 11                Afghanistan 2002   25268405      Asia  42.129   726.7341
## 12                Afghanistan 2007   31889923      Asia  43.828   974.5803
## 23                    Albania 2002    3508512    Europe  75.651  4604.2117
## 24                    Albania 2007    3600523    Europe  76.423  5937.0295
## 35                    Algeria 2002   31287142    Africa  70.994  5288.0404
## 36                    Algeria 2007   33333216    Africa  72.301  6223.3675
## 47                     Angola 2002   10866106    Africa  41.003  2773.2873
## 48                     Angola 2007   12420476    Africa  42.731  4797.2313
## 59                  Argentina 2002   38331121  Americas  74.340  8797.6407
## 60                  Argentina 2007   40301927  Americas  75.320 12779.3796
## 71                  Australia 2002   19546792   Oceania  80.370 30687.7547
## 72                  Australia 2007   20434176   Oceania  81.235 34435.3674
## 83                    Austria 2002    8148312    Europe  78.980 32417.6077
## 84                    Austria 2007    8199783    Europe  79.829 36126.4927
## 95                    Bahrain 2002     656397      Asia  74.795 23403.5593
## 96                    Bahrain 2007     708573      Asia  75.635 29796.0483
## 107                Bangladesh 2002  135656790      Asia  62.013  1136.3904
## 108                Bangladesh 2007  150448339      Asia  64.062  1391.2538
## 119                   Belgium 2002   10311970    Europe  78.320 30485.8838
## 120                   Belgium 2007   10392226    Europe  79.441 33692.6051
## 131                     Benin 2002    7026113    Africa  54.406  1372.8779
## 132                     Benin 2007    8078314    Africa  56.728  1441.2849
## 143                   Bolivia 2002    8445134  Americas  63.883  3413.2627
## 144                   Bolivia 2007    9119152  Americas  65.554  3822.1371
## 155    Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002    4165416    Europe  74.090  6018.9752
## 156    Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007    4552198    Europe  74.852  7446.2988
## 167                  Botswana 2002    1630347    Africa  46.634 11003.6051
## 168                  Botswana 2007    1639131    Africa  50.728 12569.8518
## 179                    Brazil 2002  179914212  Americas  71.006  8131.2128
## 180                    Brazil 2007  190010647  Americas  72.390  9065.8008
## 191                  Bulgaria 2002    7661799    Europe  72.140  7696.7777
## 192                  Bulgaria 2007    7322858    Europe  73.005 10680.7928
## 203              Burkina Faso 2002   12251209    Africa  50.650  1037.6452
## 204              Burkina Faso 2007   14326203    Africa  52.295  1217.0330
## 215                   Burundi 2002    7021078    Africa  47.360   446.4035
## 216                   Burundi 2007    8390505    Africa  49.580   430.0707
## 227                  Cambodia 2002   12926707      Asia  56.752   896.2260
## 228                  Cambodia 2007   14131858      Asia  59.723  1713.7787
## 239                  Cameroon 2002   15929988    Africa  49.856  1934.0114
## 240                  Cameroon 2007   17696293    Africa  50.430  2042.0952
## 251                    Canada 2002   31902268  Americas  79.770 33328.9651
## 252                    Canada 2007   33390141  Americas  80.653 36319.2350
## 263  Central African Republic 2002    4048013    Africa  43.308   738.6906
## 264  Central African Republic 2007    4369038    Africa  44.741   706.0165
## 275                      Chad 2002    8835739    Africa  50.525  1156.1819
## 276                      Chad 2007   10238807    Africa  50.651  1704.0637
## 287                     Chile 2002   15497046  Americas  77.860 10778.7838
## 288                     Chile 2007   16284741  Americas  78.553 13171.6388
## 299                     China 2002 1280400000      Asia  72.028  3119.2809
## 300                     China 2007 1318683096      Asia  72.961  4959.1149
## 311                  Colombia 2002   41008227  Americas  71.682  5755.2600
## 312                  Colombia 2007   44227550  Americas  72.889  7006.5804
## 323                   Comoros 2002     614382    Africa  62.974  1075.8116
## 324                   Comoros 2007     710960    Africa  65.152   986.1479
## 335           Congo Dem. Rep. 2002   55379852    Africa  44.966   241.1659
## 336           Congo Dem. Rep. 2007   64606759    Africa  46.462   277.5519
## 347                Congo Rep. 2002    3328795    Africa  52.970  3484.0620
## 348                Congo Rep. 2007    3800610    Africa  55.322  3632.5578
## 359                Costa Rica 2002    3834934  Americas  78.123  7723.4472
## 360                Costa Rica 2007    4133884  Americas  78.782  9645.0614
## 371             Cote d'Ivoire 2002   16252726    Africa  46.832  1648.8008
## 372             Cote d'Ivoire 2007   18013409    Africa  48.328  1544.7501
## 383                   Croatia 2002    4481020    Europe  74.876 11628.3890
## 384                   Croatia 2007    4493312    Europe  75.748 14619.2227
## 395                      Cuba 2002   11226999  Americas  77.158  6340.6467
## 396                      Cuba 2007   11416987  Americas  78.273  8948.1029
## 407            Czech Republic 2002   10256295    Europe  75.510 17596.2102
## 408            Czech Republic 2007   10228744    Europe  76.486 22833.3085
## 419                   Denmark 2002    5374693    Europe  77.180 32166.5001
## 420                   Denmark 2007    5468120    Europe  78.332 35278.4187
## 431                  Djibouti 2002     447416    Africa  53.373  1908.2609
## 432                  Djibouti 2007     496374    Africa  54.791  2082.4816
## 443        Dominican Republic 2002    8650322  Americas  70.847  4563.8082
## 444        Dominican Republic 2007    9319622  Americas  72.235  6025.3748
## 455                   Ecuador 2002   12921234  Americas  74.173  5773.0445
## 456                   Ecuador 2007   13755680  Americas  74.994  6873.2623
## 467                     Egypt 2002   73312559    Africa  69.806  4754.6044
## 468                     Egypt 2007   80264543    Africa  71.338  5581.1810
## 479               El Salvador 2002    6353681  Americas  70.734  5351.5687
## 480               El Salvador 2007    6939688  Americas  71.878  5728.3535
## 491         Equatorial Guinea 2002     495627    Africa  49.348  7703.4959
## 492         Equatorial Guinea 2007     551201    Africa  51.579 12154.0897
## 503                   Eritrea 2002    4414865    Africa  55.240   765.3500
## 504                   Eritrea 2007    4906585    Africa  58.040   641.3695
## 515                  Ethiopia 2002   67946797    Africa  50.725   530.0535
## 516                  Ethiopia 2007   76511887    Africa  52.947   690.8056
## 527                   Finland 2002    5193039    Europe  78.370 28204.5906
## 528                   Finland 2007    5238460    Europe  79.313 33207.0844
## 539                    France 2002   59925035    Europe  79.590 28926.0323
## 540                    France 2007   61083916    Europe  80.657 30470.0167
## 551                     Gabon 2002    1299304    Africa  56.761 12521.7139
## 552                     Gabon 2007    1454867    Africa  56.735 13206.4845
## 563                    Gambia 2002    1457766    Africa  58.041   660.5856
## 564                    Gambia 2007    1688359    Africa  59.448   752.7497
## 575                   Germany 2002   82350671    Europe  78.670 30035.8020
## 576                   Germany 2007   82400996    Europe  79.406 32170.3744
## 587                     Ghana 2002   20550751    Africa  58.453  1111.9846
## 588                     Ghana 2007   22873338    Africa  60.022  1327.6089
## 599                    Greece 2002   10603863    Europe  78.256 22514.2548
## 600                    Greece 2007   10706290    Europe  79.483 27538.4119
## 611                 Guatemala 2002   11178650  Americas  68.978  4858.3475
## 612                 Guatemala 2007   12572928  Americas  70.259  5186.0500
## 623                    Guinea 2002    8807818    Africa  53.676   945.5836
## 624                    Guinea 2007    9947814    Africa  56.007   942.6542
## 635             Guinea-Bissau 2002    1332459    Africa  45.504   575.7047
## 636             Guinea-Bissau 2007    1472041    Africa  46.388   579.2317
## 647                     Haiti 2002    7607651  Americas  58.137  1270.3649
## 648                     Haiti 2007    8502814  Americas  60.916  1201.6372
## 659                  Honduras 2002    6677328  Americas  68.565  3099.7287
## 660                  Honduras 2007    7483763  Americas  70.198  3548.3308
## 671           Hong Kong China 2002    6762476      Asia  81.495 30209.0152
## 672           Hong Kong China 2007    6980412      Asia  82.208 39724.9787
## 683                   Hungary 2002   10083313    Europe  72.590 14843.9356
## 684                   Hungary 2007    9956108    Europe  73.338 18008.9444
## 695                   Iceland 2002     288030    Europe  80.500 31163.2020
## 696                   Iceland 2007     301931    Europe  81.757 36180.7892
## 707                     India 2002 1034172547      Asia  62.879  1746.7695
## 708                     India 2007 1110396331      Asia  64.698  2452.2104
## 719                 Indonesia 2002  211060000      Asia  68.588  2873.9129
## 720                 Indonesia 2007  223547000      Asia  70.650  3540.6516
## 731                      Iran 2002   66907826      Asia  69.451  9240.7620
## 732                      Iran 2007   69453570      Asia  70.964 11605.7145
## 743                      Iraq 2002   24001816      Asia  57.046  4390.7173
## 744                      Iraq 2007   27499638      Asia  59.545  4471.0619
## 755                   Ireland 2002    3879155    Europe  77.783 34077.0494
## 756                   Ireland 2007    4109086    Europe  78.885 40675.9964
## 767                    Israel 2002    6029529      Asia  79.696 21905.5951
## 768                    Israel 2007    6426679      Asia  80.745 25523.2771
## 779                     Italy 2002   57926999    Europe  80.240 27968.0982
## 780                     Italy 2007   58147733    Europe  80.546 28569.7197
## 791                   Jamaica 2002    2664659  Americas  72.047  6994.7749
## 792                   Jamaica 2007    2780132  Americas  72.567  7320.8803
## 803                     Japan 2002  127065841      Asia  82.000 28604.5919
## 804                     Japan 2007  127467972      Asia  82.603 31656.0681
## 815                    Jordan 2002    5307470      Asia  71.263  3844.9172
## 816                    Jordan 2007    6053193      Asia  72.535  4519.4612
## 827                     Kenya 2002   31386842    Africa  50.992  1287.5147
## 828                     Kenya 2007   35610177    Africa  54.110  1463.2493
## 839           Korea Dem. Rep. 2002   22215365      Asia  66.662  1646.7582
## 840           Korea Dem. Rep. 2007   23301725      Asia  67.297  1593.0655
## 851                Korea Rep. 2002   47969150      Asia  77.045 19233.9882
## 852                Korea Rep. 2007   49044790      Asia  78.623 23348.1397
## 863                    Kuwait 2002    2111561      Asia  76.904 35110.1057
## 864                    Kuwait 2007    2505559      Asia  77.588 47306.9898
## 875                   Lebanon 2002    3677780      Asia  71.028  9313.9388
## 876                   Lebanon 2007    3921278      Asia  71.993 10461.0587
## 887                   Lesotho 2002    2046772    Africa  44.593  1275.1846
## 888                   Lesotho 2007    2012649    Africa  42.592  1569.3314
## 899                   Liberia 2002    2814651    Africa  43.753   531.4824
## 900                   Liberia 2007    3193942    Africa  45.678   414.5073
## 911                     Libya 2002    5368585    Africa  72.737  9534.6775
## 912                     Libya 2007    6036914    Africa  73.952 12057.4993
## 923                Madagascar 2002   16473477    Africa  57.286   894.6371
## 924                Madagascar 2007   19167654    Africa  59.443  1044.7701
## 935                    Malawi 2002   11824495    Africa  45.009   665.4231
## 936                    Malawi 2007   13327079    Africa  48.303   759.3499
## 947                  Malaysia 2002   22662365      Asia  73.044 10206.9779
## 948                  Malaysia 2007   24821286      Asia  74.241 12451.6558
## 959                      Mali 2002   10580176    Africa  51.818   951.4098
## 960                      Mali 2007   12031795    Africa  54.467  1042.5816
## 971                Mauritania 2002    2828858    Africa  62.247  1579.0195
## 972                Mauritania 2007    3270065    Africa  64.164  1803.1515
## 983                 Mauritius 2002    1200206    Africa  71.954  9021.8159
## 984                 Mauritius 2007    1250882    Africa  72.801 10956.9911
## 995                    Mexico 2002  102479927  Americas  74.902 10742.4405
## 996                    Mexico 2007  108700891  Americas  76.195 11977.5750
## 1007                 Mongolia 2002    2674234      Asia  65.033  2140.7393
## 1008                 Mongolia 2007    2874127      Asia  66.803  3095.7723
## 1019               Montenegro 2002     720230    Europe  73.981  6557.1943
## 1020               Montenegro 2007     684736    Europe  74.543  9253.8961
## 1031                  Morocco 2002   31167783    Africa  69.615  3258.4956
## 1032                  Morocco 2007   33757175    Africa  71.164  3820.1752
## 1043               Mozambique 2002   18473780    Africa  44.026   633.6179
## 1044               Mozambique 2007   19951656    Africa  42.082   823.6856
## 1055                  Myanmar 2002   45598081      Asia  59.908   611.0000
## 1056                  Myanmar 2007   47761980      Asia  62.069   944.0000
## 1067                  Namibia 2002    1972153    Africa  51.479  4072.3248
## 1068                  Namibia 2007    2055080    Africa  52.906  4811.0604
## 1079                    Nepal 2002   25873917      Asia  61.340  1057.2063
## 1080                    Nepal 2007   28901790      Asia  63.785  1091.3598
## 1091              Netherlands 2002   16122830    Europe  78.530 33724.7578
## 1092              Netherlands 2007   16570613    Europe  79.762 36797.9333
## 1103              New Zealand 2002    3908037   Oceania  79.110 23189.8014
## 1104              New Zealand 2007    4115771   Oceania  80.204 25185.0091
## 1115                Nicaragua 2002    5146848  Americas  70.836  2474.5488
## 1116                Nicaragua 2007    5675356  Americas  72.899  2749.3210
## 1127                    Niger 2002   11140655    Africa  54.496   601.0745
## 1128                    Niger 2007   12894865    Africa  56.867   619.6769
## 1139                  Nigeria 2002  119901274    Africa  46.608  1615.2864
## 1140                  Nigeria 2007  135031164    Africa  46.859  2013.9773
## 1151                   Norway 2002    4535591    Europe  79.050 44683.9753
## 1152                   Norway 2007    4627926    Europe  80.196 49357.1902
## 1163                     Oman 2002    2713462      Asia  74.193 19774.8369
## 1164                     Oman 2007    3204897      Asia  75.640 22316.1929
## 1175                 Pakistan 2002  153403524      Asia  63.610  2092.7124
## 1176                 Pakistan 2007  169270617      Asia  65.483  2605.9476
## 1187                   Panama 2002    2990875  Americas  74.712  7356.0319
## 1188                   Panama 2007    3242173  Americas  75.537  9809.1856
## 1199                 Paraguay 2002    5884491  Americas  70.755  3783.6742
## 1200                 Paraguay 2007    6667147  Americas  71.752  4172.8385
## 1211                     Peru 2002   26769436  Americas  69.906  5909.0201
## 1212                     Peru 2007   28674757  Americas  71.421  7408.9056
## 1223              Philippines 2002   82995088      Asia  70.303  2650.9211
## 1224              Philippines 2007   91077287      Asia  71.688  3190.4810
## 1235                   Poland 2002   38625976    Europe  74.670 12002.2391
## 1236                   Poland 2007   38518241    Europe  75.563 15389.9247
## 1247                 Portugal 2002   10433867    Europe  77.290 19970.9079
## 1248                 Portugal 2007   10642836    Europe  78.098 20509.6478
## 1259              Puerto Rico 2002    3859606  Americas  77.778 18855.6062
## 1260              Puerto Rico 2007    3942491  Americas  78.746 19328.7090
## 1271                  Reunion 2002     743981    Africa  75.744  6316.1652
## 1272                  Reunion 2007     798094    Africa  76.442  7670.1226
## 1283                  Romania 2002   22404337    Europe  71.322  7885.3601
## 1284                  Romania 2007   22276056    Europe  72.476 10808.4756
## 1295                   Rwanda 2002    7852401    Africa  43.413   785.6538
## 1296                   Rwanda 2007    8860588    Africa  46.242   863.0885
## 1307    Sao Tome and Principe 2002     170372    Africa  64.337  1353.0924
## 1308    Sao Tome and Principe 2007     199579    Africa  65.528  1598.4351
## 1319             Saudi Arabia 2002   24501530      Asia  71.626 19014.5412
## 1320             Saudi Arabia 2007   27601038      Asia  72.777 21654.8319
## 1331                  Senegal 2002   10870037    Africa  61.600  1519.6353
## 1332                  Senegal 2007   12267493    Africa  63.062  1712.4721
## 1343                   Serbia 2002   10111559    Europe  73.213  7236.0753
## 1344                   Serbia 2007   10150265    Europe  74.002  9786.5347
## 1355             Sierra Leone 2002    5359092    Africa  41.012   699.4897
## 1356             Sierra Leone 2007    6144562    Africa  42.568   862.5408
## 1367                Singapore 2002    4197776      Asia  78.770 36023.1054
## 1368                Singapore 2007    4553009      Asia  79.972 47143.1796
## 1379          Slovak Republic 2002    5410052    Europe  73.800 13638.7784
## 1380          Slovak Republic 2007    5447502    Europe  74.663 18678.3144
## 1391                 Slovenia 2002    2011497    Europe  76.660 20660.0194
## 1392                 Slovenia 2007    2009245    Europe  77.926 25768.2576
## 1403                  Somalia 2002    7753310    Africa  45.936   882.0818
## 1404                  Somalia 2007    9118773    Africa  48.159   926.1411
## 1415             South Africa 2002   44433622    Africa  53.365  7710.9464
## 1416             South Africa 2007   43997828    Africa  49.339  9269.6578
## 1427                    Spain 2002   40152517    Europe  79.780 24835.4717
## 1428                    Spain 2007   40448191    Europe  80.941 28821.0637
## 1439                Sri Lanka 2002   19576783      Asia  70.815  3015.3788
## 1440                Sri Lanka 2007   20378239      Asia  72.396  3970.0954
## 1451                    Sudan 2002   37090298    Africa  56.369  1993.3983
## 1452                    Sudan 2007   42292929    Africa  58.556  2602.3950
## 1463                Swaziland 2002    1130269    Africa  43.869  4128.1169
## 1464                Swaziland 2007    1133066    Africa  39.613  4513.4806
## 1475                   Sweden 2002    8954175    Europe  80.040 29341.6309
## 1476                   Sweden 2007    9031088    Europe  80.884 33859.7484
## 1487              Switzerland 2002    7361757    Europe  80.620 34480.9577
## 1488              Switzerland 2007    7554661    Europe  81.701 37506.4191
## 1499                    Syria 2002   17155814      Asia  73.053  4090.9253
## 1500                    Syria 2007   19314747      Asia  74.143  4184.5481
## 1511                   Taiwan 2002   22454239      Asia  76.990 23235.4233
## 1512                   Taiwan 2007   23174294      Asia  78.400 28718.2768
## 1523                 Tanzania 2002   34593779    Africa  49.651   899.0742
## 1524                 Tanzania 2007   38139640    Africa  52.517  1107.4822
## 1535                 Thailand 2002   62806748      Asia  68.564  5913.1875
## 1536                 Thailand 2007   65068149      Asia  70.616  7458.3963
## 1547                     Togo 2002    4977378    Africa  57.561   886.2206
## 1548                     Togo 2007    5701579    Africa  58.420   882.9699
## 1559      Trinidad and Tobago 2002    1101832  Americas  68.976 11460.6002
## 1560      Trinidad and Tobago 2007    1056608  Americas  69.819 18008.5092
## 1571                  Tunisia 2002    9770575    Africa  73.042  5722.8957
## 1572                  Tunisia 2007   10276158    Africa  73.923  7092.9230
## 1583                   Turkey 2002   67308928    Europe  70.845  6508.0857
## 1584                   Turkey 2007   71158647    Europe  71.777  8458.2764
## 1595                   Uganda 2002   24739869    Africa  47.813   927.7210
## 1596                   Uganda 2007   29170398    Africa  51.542  1056.3801
## 1607           United Kingdom 2002   59912431    Europe  78.471 29478.9992
## 1608           United Kingdom 2007   60776238    Europe  79.425 33203.2613
## 1619            United States 2002  287675526  Americas  77.310 39097.0995
## 1620            United States 2007  301139947  Americas  78.242 42951.6531
## 1631                  Uruguay 2002    3363085  Americas  75.307  7727.0020
## 1632                  Uruguay 2007    3447496  Americas  76.384 10611.4630
## 1643                Venezuela 2002   24287670  Americas  72.766  8605.0478
## 1644                Venezuela 2007   26084662  Americas  73.747 11415.8057
## 1655                  Vietnam 2002   80908147      Asia  73.017  1764.4567
## 1656                  Vietnam 2007   85262356      Asia  74.249  2441.5764
## 1667       West Bank and Gaza 2002    3389578      Asia  72.370  4515.4876
## 1668       West Bank and Gaza 2007    4018332      Asia  73.422  3025.3498
## 1679               Yemen Rep. 2002   18701257      Asia  60.308  2234.8208
## 1680               Yemen Rep. 2007   22211743      Asia  62.698  2280.7699
## 1691                   Zambia 2002   10595811    Africa  39.193  1071.6139
## 1692                   Zambia 2007   11746035    Africa  42.384  1271.2116
## 1703                 Zimbabwe 2002   11926563    Africa  39.989   672.0386
## 1704                 Zimbabwe 2007   12311143    Africa  43.487   469.7093
# Challenge 8
#1. gapminder[1:20] returns an error because gapminder is a 2D object with rows and columns.
#2.
gapminder_small <- rbind(gapminder[1:9, ], gapminder[19:23, ])

Creating Publication-Quality Graphics

library("ggplot2")

# Challenge 1
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()

# Challenge 2
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) + geom_point()

# Challenge 3
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_line(aes(color=continent)) # The line layer is now on top.

# Challenge 4a
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point(color = "red", size = 2) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)

# Challenge 4b
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) +
  geom_point(color = "red", size = 2, aes(pch = continent)) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)

# Challenge 5
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, fill = continent)) +
  geom_density(alpha = 0.5) + facet_wrap(~year) + scale_x_log10()