canid fossil plots
library(ggplot2)
canids <- read.csv("canid_range.csv", header = F, as.is = T)
names(canids) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(canids)## genus species minage maxage
## 1 Aelurodon Aelurodon asthenostylus 14.7850 18.2000
## 2 Aelurodon Aelurodon ferox 9.2500 14.7850
## 3 Aelurodon Aelurodon mcgrewi 14.1815 14.7850
## 4 Aelurodon Aelurodon montanensis 14.7850 14.7850
## 5 Aelurodon Aelurodon stirtoni 11.9500 14.7850
## 6 Aelurodon Aelurodon taxoides 7.6000 14.1815canid_occ <- ggplot(canids, aes( species, ymin = maxage, ymax=minage, colour = genus))
canid_occ <- canid_occ + geom_linerange()
canid_occ
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(legend.position="none")
canid_occ
canid_occ <- canid_occ + coord_flip()
canid_occ
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(axis.text.y = element_text(size=3))
canid_occ
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(axis.ticks.y=element_blank())
canid_occ
canid_occ <- canid_occ + scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 40), expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40))
canid_occ## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).
canid_occ <- canid_occ + labs(title = "Canid Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, size=22, face = "bold"), axis.title =element_text(size=20))
canid_occ## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).
ggsave(filename = "canid-occ.pdf", plot = canid_occ)## Saving 7 x 5 in image## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).Q: What taxonomic group is displayed? A: Canids
Q: How many unique fossil species are contained within it? A: 171
length(canids$species)## [1] 171Q: How many unique fossil genera? A: 58
nrow(canids[!duplicated(canids$genus), ])## [1] 58Q: What species has the longest range A: Cormocyon copei
canids[which(
(canids$maxage - canids$minage) == max(canids$maxage - canids$minage)), 2
]## [1] " Cormocyon copei"Redo this exercise with another taxon
Taxon: Equidae
Equids <- read.csv("Equid_range.csv", header = F, as.is = T)
names(Equids) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(Equids)## genus species minage maxage
## 1 Acritohippus Acritohippus isonesus 11.9500 18.200
## 2 Acritohippus Acritohippus quinni 14.1815 17.015
## 3 Acritohippus Acritohippus stylodontus 14.1815 17.015
## 4 Acritohippus Acritohippus tertius 18.2000 18.200
## 5 Anchitherium Anchitherium aurelianense 8.4705 19.500
## 6 Anchitherium Anchitherium clarencei 14.7850 18.200Equid_occ <- ggplot(Equids, aes(species, ymin = maxage,
ymax=minage, colour = genus)) +
geom_linerange() +
theme(legend.position="none", axis.text.y = element_text(size = 3),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5,
size=22,
face = "bold"),
axis.title =element_text(size=20)) +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 40),
expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40)) +
labs(title = "Equidae Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago")
Equid_occ## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).
ggsave(filename = "Equid-occ.pdf", plot = Equid_occ)## Saving 7 x 5 in image## Warning: Removed 20 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).Q: What taxonomic group is displayed? A: Equidae
Q: How many unique fossil species are contained within it? A: 219
length(Equids$species)## [1] 219Q: How many unique fossil genera? A: 43
nrow(Equids[!duplicated(Equids$genus), ])## [1] 43Q: What species has the longest range A: Eurohippus parvulus
Equids[which(
(Equids$maxage - Equids$minage) == max(Equids$maxage - Equids$minage)), 2
]## [1] " Eurohippus parvulus"Part 2: Data Frames
Exploring Data Frames
# Challenge 1
df <- data.frame(First_name = c("Clive"),
Last_name = c("Lau"),
Lucky_number = c(5),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
df <- rbind(df, list("John", "Snow", 4048))
df <- cbind(df, Coffee_break = c("Y", "Y"))
# Challenge 2
source("swcarpentry-R-challenge2.R")
# Challenge 3
str(gapminder)## 'data.frame': 1704 obs. of 6 variables:
## $ country : Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ year : int 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
## $ pop : num 8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
## $ continent: Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ lifeExp : num 28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
## $ gdpPercap: num 779 821 853 836 740 ...# output yields the number of entries and number of variables. It says it is a dataframe with columns "country", "year", "pop", "continent", "lifeExp", and "gdpPercap". Subsetting Data
# Challenge 1
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
print(x)## a b c d e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5x[c(2, 3, 4)]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[2:4]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[-c(1, 5)]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8# Challenge 2
x[-which(names(x) == "g")]## named numeric(0)names(x) == "g" # returns T/F for each of the named variables in x checking if they are named "g"## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSEwhich(names(x) == "g") # returns how many of the variables are named "g", in this case, zero.## integer(0)x[-which(names(x) == "g")] # returns empty vector## named numeric(0)# Statments A and C are true
# Challenge 3
x[which(x < 7 & x >4)]## a b d
## 5.4 6.2 4.8# Challenge 4
m <- matrix(1:18, nrow=3, ncol=6)
print(m)## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10 13 16
## [2,] 2 5 8 11 14 17
## [3,] 3 6 9 12 15 18m[2,c(4,5)]## [1] 11 14# answer D will extract values 11 and 14
# Challenge 5
xlist <- list(a = "Software Carpentry", b = 1:10, data = head(iris))
xlist$b[2]## [1] 2# Challenge 6
mod <- aov(pop ~ lifeExp, data=gapminder)
attributes(mod)## $names
## [1] "coefficients" "residuals" "effects" "rank"
## [5] "fitted.values" "assign" "qr" "df.residual"
## [9] "xlevels" "call" "terms" "model"
##
## $class
## [1] "aov" "lm"mod$df.residual## [1] 1702# Challenge 7
# Extract observations collected for the year 1957
gapminder[gapminder$year == 1957,]## country year pop continent lifeExp
## 2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.33200
## 14 Albania 1957 1476505 Europe 59.28000
## 26 Algeria 1957 10270856 Africa 45.68500
## 38 Angola 1957 4561361 Africa 31.99900
## 50 Argentina 1957 19610538 Americas 64.39900
## 62 Australia 1957 9712569 Oceania 70.33000
## 74 Austria 1957 6965860 Europe 67.48000
## 86 Bahrain 1957 138655 Asia 53.83200
## 98 Bangladesh 1957 51365468 Asia 39.34800
## 110 Belgium 1957 8989111 Europe 69.24000
## 122 Benin 1957 1925173 Africa 40.35800
## 134 Bolivia 1957 3211738 Americas 41.89000
## 146 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1957 3076000 Europe 58.45000
## 158 Botswana 1957 474639 Africa 49.61800
## 170 Brazil 1957 65551171 Americas 53.28500
## 182 Bulgaria 1957 7651254 Europe 66.61000
## 194 Burkina Faso 1957 4713416 Africa 34.90600
## 206 Burundi 1957 2667518 Africa 40.53300
## 218 Cambodia 1957 5322536 Asia 41.36600
## 230 Cameroon 1957 5359923 Africa 40.42800
## 242 Canada 1957 17010154 Americas 69.96000
## 254 Central African Republic 1957 1392284 Africa 37.46400
## 266 Chad 1957 2894855 Africa 39.88100
## 278 Chile 1957 7048426 Americas 56.07400
## 290 China 1957 637408000 Asia 50.54896
## 302 Colombia 1957 14485993 Americas 55.11800
## 314 Comoros 1957 170928 Africa 42.46000
## 326 Congo Dem. Rep. 1957 15577932 Africa 40.65200
## 338 Congo Rep. 1957 940458 Africa 45.05300
## 350 Costa Rica 1957 1112300 Americas 60.02600
## 362 Cote d'Ivoire 1957 3300000 Africa 42.46900
## 374 Croatia 1957 3991242 Europe 64.77000
## 386 Cuba 1957 6640752 Americas 62.32500
## 398 Czech Republic 1957 9513758 Europe 69.03000
## 410 Denmark 1957 4487831 Europe 71.81000
## 422 Djibouti 1957 71851 Africa 37.32800
## 434 Dominican Republic 1957 2923186 Americas 49.82800
## 446 Ecuador 1957 4058385 Americas 51.35600
## 458 Egypt 1957 25009741 Africa 44.44400
## 470 El Salvador 1957 2355805 Americas 48.57000
## 482 Equatorial Guinea 1957 232922 Africa 35.98300
## 494 Eritrea 1957 1542611 Africa 38.04700
## 506 Ethiopia 1957 22815614 Africa 36.66700
## 518 Finland 1957 4324000 Europe 67.49000
## 530 France 1957 44310863 Europe 68.93000
## 542 Gabon 1957 434904 Africa 38.99900
## 554 Gambia 1957 323150 Africa 32.06500
## 566 Germany 1957 71019069 Europe 69.10000
## 578 Ghana 1957 6391288 Africa 44.77900
## 590 Greece 1957 8096218 Europe 67.86000
## 602 Guatemala 1957 3640876 Americas 44.14200
## 614 Guinea 1957 2876726 Africa 34.55800
## 626 Guinea-Bissau 1957 601095 Africa 33.48900
## 638 Haiti 1957 3507701 Americas 40.69600
## 650 Honduras 1957 1770390 Americas 44.66500
## 662 Hong Kong China 1957 2736300 Asia 64.75000
## 674 Hungary 1957 9839000 Europe 66.41000
## 686 Iceland 1957 165110 Europe 73.47000
## 698 India 1957 409000000 Asia 40.24900
## 710 Indonesia 1957 90124000 Asia 39.91800
## 722 Iran 1957 19792000 Asia 47.18100
## 734 Iraq 1957 6248643 Asia 48.43700
## 746 Ireland 1957 2878220 Europe 68.90000
## 758 Israel 1957 1944401 Asia 67.84000
## 770 Italy 1957 49182000 Europe 67.81000
## 782 Jamaica 1957 1535090 Americas 62.61000
## 794 Japan 1957 91563009 Asia 65.50000
## 806 Jordan 1957 746559 Asia 45.66900
## 818 Kenya 1957 7454779 Africa 44.68600
## 830 Korea Dem. Rep. 1957 9411381 Asia 54.08100
## 842 Korea Rep. 1957 22611552 Asia 52.68100
## 854 Kuwait 1957 212846 Asia 58.03300
## 866 Lebanon 1957 1647412 Asia 59.48900
## 878 Lesotho 1957 813338 Africa 45.04700
## 890 Liberia 1957 975950 Africa 39.48600
## 902 Libya 1957 1201578 Africa 45.28900
## 914 Madagascar 1957 5181679 Africa 38.86500
## 926 Malawi 1957 3221238 Africa 37.20700
## 938 Malaysia 1957 7739235 Asia 52.10200
## 950 Mali 1957 4241884 Africa 35.30700
## 962 Mauritania 1957 1076852 Africa 42.33800
## 974 Mauritius 1957 609816 Africa 58.08900
## 986 Mexico 1957 35015548 Americas 55.19000
## 998 Mongolia 1957 882134 Asia 45.24800
## 1010 Montenegro 1957 442829 Europe 61.44800
## 1022 Morocco 1957 11406350 Africa 45.42300
## 1034 Mozambique 1957 7038035 Africa 33.77900
## 1046 Myanmar 1957 21731844 Asia 41.90500
## 1058 Namibia 1957 548080 Africa 45.22600
## 1070 Nepal 1957 9682338 Asia 37.68600
## 1082 Netherlands 1957 11026383 Europe 72.99000
## 1094 New Zealand 1957 2229407 Oceania 70.26000
## 1106 Nicaragua 1957 1358828 Americas 45.43200
## 1118 Niger 1957 3692184 Africa 38.59800
## 1130 Nigeria 1957 37173340 Africa 37.80200
## 1142 Norway 1957 3491938 Europe 73.44000
## 1154 Oman 1957 561977 Asia 40.08000
## 1166 Pakistan 1957 46679944 Asia 45.55700
## 1178 Panama 1957 1063506 Americas 59.20100
## 1190 Paraguay 1957 1770902 Americas 63.19600
## 1202 Peru 1957 9146100 Americas 46.26300
## 1214 Philippines 1957 26072194 Asia 51.33400
## 1226 Poland 1957 28235346 Europe 65.77000
## 1238 Portugal 1957 8817650 Europe 61.51000
## 1250 Puerto Rico 1957 2260000 Americas 68.54000
## 1262 Reunion 1957 308700 Africa 55.09000
## 1274 Romania 1957 17829327 Europe 64.10000
## 1286 Rwanda 1957 2822082 Africa 41.50000
## 1298 Sao Tome and Principe 1957 61325 Africa 48.94500
## 1310 Saudi Arabia 1957 4419650 Asia 42.86800
## 1322 Senegal 1957 3054547 Africa 39.32900
## 1334 Serbia 1957 7271135 Europe 61.68500
## 1346 Sierra Leone 1957 2295678 Africa 31.57000
## 1358 Singapore 1957 1445929 Asia 63.17900
## 1370 Slovak Republic 1957 3844277 Europe 67.45000
## 1382 Slovenia 1957 1533070 Europe 67.85000
## 1394 Somalia 1957 2780415 Africa 34.97700
## 1406 South Africa 1957 16151549 Africa 47.98500
## 1418 Spain 1957 29841614 Europe 66.66000
## 1430 Sri Lanka 1957 9128546 Asia 61.45600
## 1442 Sudan 1957 9753392 Africa 39.62400
## 1454 Swaziland 1957 326741 Africa 43.42400
## 1466 Sweden 1957 7363802 Europe 72.49000
## 1478 Switzerland 1957 5126000 Europe 70.56000
## 1490 Syria 1957 4149908 Asia 48.28400
## 1502 Taiwan 1957 10164215 Asia 62.40000
## 1514 Tanzania 1957 9452826 Africa 42.97400
## 1526 Thailand 1957 25041917 Asia 53.63000
## 1538 Togo 1957 1357445 Africa 41.20800
## 1550 Trinidad and Tobago 1957 764900 Americas 61.80000
## 1562 Tunisia 1957 3950849 Africa 47.10000
## 1574 Turkey 1957 25670939 Europe 48.07900
## 1586 Uganda 1957 6675501 Africa 42.57100
## 1598 United Kingdom 1957 51430000 Europe 70.42000
## 1610 United States 1957 171984000 Americas 69.49000
## 1622 Uruguay 1957 2424959 Americas 67.04400
## 1634 Venezuela 1957 6702668 Americas 57.90700
## 1646 Vietnam 1957 28998543 Asia 42.88700
## 1658 West Bank and Gaza 1957 1070439 Asia 45.67100
## 1670 Yemen Rep. 1957 5498090 Asia 33.97000
## 1682 Zambia 1957 3016000 Africa 44.07700
## 1694 Zimbabwe 1957 3646340 Africa 50.46900
## gdpPercap
## 2 820.8530
## 14 1942.2842
## 26 3013.9760
## 38 3827.9405
## 50 6856.8562
## 62 10949.6496
## 74 8842.5980
## 86 11635.7995
## 98 661.6375
## 110 9714.9606
## 122 959.6011
## 134 2127.6863
## 146 1353.9892
## 158 918.2325
## 170 2487.3660
## 182 3008.6707
## 194 617.1835
## 206 379.5646
## 218 434.0383
## 230 1313.0481
## 242 12489.9501
## 254 1190.8443
## 266 1308.4956
## 278 4315.6227
## 290 575.9870
## 302 2323.8056
## 314 1211.1485
## 326 905.8602
## 338 2315.0566
## 350 2990.0108
## 362 1500.8959
## 374 4338.2316
## 386 6092.1744
## 398 8256.3439
## 410 11099.6593
## 422 2864.9691
## 434 1544.4030
## 446 3780.5467
## 458 1458.9153
## 470 3421.5232
## 482 426.0964
## 494 344.1619
## 506 378.9042
## 518 7545.4154
## 530 8662.8349
## 542 4976.1981
## 554 520.9267
## 566 10187.8267
## 578 1043.5615
## 590 4916.2999
## 602 2617.1560
## 614 576.2670
## 626 431.7905
## 638 1726.8879
## 650 2220.4877
## 662 3629.0765
## 674 6040.1800
## 686 9244.0014
## 698 590.0620
## 710 858.9003
## 722 3290.2576
## 734 6229.3336
## 746 5599.0779
## 758 5385.2785
## 770 6248.6562
## 782 4756.5258
## 794 4317.6944
## 806 1886.0806
## 818 944.4383
## 830 1571.1347
## 842 1487.5935
## 854 113523.1329
## 866 6089.7869
## 878 335.9971
## 890 620.9700
## 902 3448.2844
## 914 1589.2027
## 926 416.3698
## 938 1810.0670
## 950 490.3822
## 962 846.1203
## 974 2034.0380
## 986 4131.5466
## 998 912.6626
## 1010 3682.2599
## 1022 1642.0023
## 1034 495.5868
## 1046 350.0000
## 1058 2621.4481
## 1070 597.9364
## 1082 11276.1934
## 1094 12247.3953
## 1106 3457.4159
## 1118 835.5234
## 1130 1100.5926
## 1142 11653.9730
## 1154 2242.7466
## 1166 747.0835
## 1178 2961.8009
## 1190 2046.1547
## 1202 4245.2567
## 1214 1547.9448
## 1226 4734.2530
## 1238 3774.5717
## 1250 3907.1562
## 1262 2769.4518
## 1274 3943.3702
## 1286 540.2894
## 1298 860.7369
## 1310 8157.5912
## 1322 1567.6530
## 1334 4981.0909
## 1346 1004.4844
## 1358 2843.1044
## 1370 6093.2630
## 1382 5862.2766
## 1394 1258.1474
## 1406 5487.1042
## 1418 4564.8024
## 1430 1072.5466
## 1442 1770.3371
## 1454 1244.7084
## 1466 9911.8782
## 1478 17909.4897
## 1490 2117.2349
## 1502 1507.8613
## 1514 698.5356
## 1526 793.5774
## 1538 925.9083
## 1550 4100.3934
## 1562 1395.2325
## 1574 2218.7543
## 1586 774.3711
## 1598 11283.1779
## 1610 14847.1271
## 1622 6150.7730
## 1634 9802.4665
## 1646 676.2854
## 1658 1827.0677
## 1670 804.8305
## 1682 1311.9568
## 1694 518.7643#Extract all columns except 1 through to 4
gapminder[,-(1:4)]## lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 28.80100 779.4453
## 2 30.33200 820.8530
## 3 31.99700 853.1007
## 4 34.02000 836.1971
## 5 36.08800 739.9811
## 6 38.43800 786.1134
## 7 39.85400 978.0114
## 8 40.82200 852.3959
## 9 41.67400 649.3414
## 10 41.76300 635.3414
## 11 42.12900 726.7341
## 12 43.82800 974.5803
## 13 55.23000 1601.0561
## 14 59.28000 1942.2842
## 15 64.82000 2312.8890
## 16 66.22000 2760.1969
## 17 67.69000 3313.4222
## 18 68.93000 3533.0039
## 19 70.42000 3630.8807
## 20 72.00000 3738.9327
## 21 71.58100 2497.4379
## 22 72.95000 3193.0546
## 23 75.65100 4604.2117
## 24 76.42300 5937.0295
## 25 43.07700 2449.0082
## 26 45.68500 3013.9760
## 27 48.30300 2550.8169
## 28 51.40700 3246.9918
## 29 54.51800 4182.6638
## 30 58.01400 4910.4168
## 31 61.36800 5745.1602
## 32 65.79900 5681.3585
## 33 67.74400 5023.2166
## 34 69.15200 4797.2951
## 35 70.99400 5288.0404
## 36 72.30100 6223.3675
## 37 30.01500 3520.6103
## 38 31.99900 3827.9405
## 39 34.00000 4269.2767
## 40 35.98500 5522.7764
## 41 37.92800 5473.2880
## 42 39.48300 3008.6474
## 43 39.94200 2756.9537
## 44 39.90600 2430.2083
## 45 40.64700 2627.8457
## 46 40.96300 2277.1409
## 47 41.00300 2773.2873
## 48 42.73100 4797.2313
## 49 62.48500 5911.3151
## 50 64.39900 6856.8562
## 51 65.14200 7133.1660
## 52 65.63400 8052.9530
## 53 67.06500 9443.0385
## 54 68.48100 10079.0267
## 55 69.94200 8997.8974
## 56 70.77400 9139.6714
## 57 71.86800 9308.4187
## 58 73.27500 10967.2820
## 59 74.34000 8797.6407
## 60 75.32000 12779.3796
## 61 69.12000 10039.5956
## 62 70.33000 10949.6496
## 63 70.93000 12217.2269
## 64 71.10000 14526.1246
## 65 71.93000 16788.6295
## 66 73.49000 18334.1975
## 67 74.74000 19477.0093
## 68 76.32000 21888.8890
## 69 77.56000 23424.7668
## 70 78.83000 26997.9366
## 71 80.37000 30687.7547
## 72 81.23500 34435.3674
## 73 66.80000 6137.0765
## 74 67.48000 8842.5980
## 75 69.54000 10750.7211
## 76 70.14000 12834.6024
## 77 70.63000 16661.6256
## 78 72.17000 19749.4223
## 79 73.18000 21597.0836
## 80 74.94000 23687.8261
## 81 76.04000 27042.0187
## 82 77.51000 29095.9207
## 83 78.98000 32417.6077
## 84 79.82900 36126.4927
## 85 50.93900 9867.0848
## 86 53.83200 11635.7995
## 87 56.92300 12753.2751
## 88 59.92300 14804.6727
## 89 63.30000 18268.6584
## 90 65.59300 19340.1020
## 91 69.05200 19211.1473
## 92 70.75000 18524.0241
## 93 72.60100 19035.5792
## 94 73.92500 20292.0168
## 95 74.79500 23403.5593
## 96 75.63500 29796.0483
## 97 37.48400 684.2442
## 98 39.34800 661.6375
## 99 41.21600 686.3416
## 100 43.45300 721.1861
## 101 45.25200 630.2336
## 102 46.92300 659.8772
## 103 50.00900 676.9819
## 104 52.81900 751.9794
## 105 56.01800 837.8102
## 106 59.41200 972.7700
## 107 62.01300 1136.3904
## 108 64.06200 1391.2538
## 109 68.00000 8343.1051
## 110 69.24000 9714.9606
## 111 70.25000 10991.2068
## 112 70.94000 13149.0412
## 113 71.44000 16672.1436
## 114 72.80000 19117.9745
## 115 73.93000 20979.8459
## 116 75.35000 22525.5631
## 117 76.46000 25575.5707
## 118 77.53000 27561.1966
## 119 78.32000 30485.8838
## 120 79.44100 33692.6051
## 121 38.22300 1062.7522
## 122 40.35800 959.6011
## 123 42.61800 949.4991
## 124 44.88500 1035.8314
## 125 47.01400 1085.7969
## 126 49.19000 1029.1613
## 127 50.90400 1277.8976
## 128 52.33700 1225.8560
## 129 53.91900 1191.2077
## 130 54.77700 1232.9753
## 131 54.40600 1372.8779
## 132 56.72800 1441.2849
## 133 40.41400 2677.3263
## 134 41.89000 2127.6863
## 135 43.42800 2180.9725
## 136 45.03200 2586.8861
## 137 46.71400 2980.3313
## 138 50.02300 3548.0978
## 139 53.85900 3156.5105
## 140 57.25100 2753.6915
## 141 59.95700 2961.6997
## 142 62.05000 3326.1432
## 143 63.88300 3413.2627
## 144 65.55400 3822.1371
## 145 53.82000 973.5332
## 146 58.45000 1353.9892
## 147 61.93000 1709.6837
## 148 64.79000 2172.3524
## 149 67.45000 2860.1698
## 150 69.86000 3528.4813
## 151 70.69000 4126.6132
## 152 71.14000 4314.1148
## 153 72.17800 2546.7814
## 154 73.24400 4766.3559
## 155 74.09000 6018.9752
## 156 74.85200 7446.2988
## 157 47.62200 851.2411
## 158 49.61800 918.2325
## 159 51.52000 983.6540
## 160 53.29800 1214.7093
## 161 56.02400 2263.6111
## 162 59.31900 3214.8578
## 163 61.48400 4551.1421
## 164 63.62200 6205.8839
## 165 62.74500 7954.1116
## 166 52.55600 8647.1423
## 167 46.63400 11003.6051
## 168 50.72800 12569.8518
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## 1378 72.71000 12126.2306
## 1379 73.80000 13638.7784
## 1380 74.66300 18678.3144
## 1381 65.57000 4215.0417
## 1382 67.85000 5862.2766
## 1383 69.15000 7402.3034
## 1384 69.18000 9405.4894
## 1385 69.82000 12383.4862
## 1386 70.97000 15277.0302
## 1387 71.06300 17866.7218
## 1388 72.25000 18678.5349
## 1389 73.64000 14214.7168
## 1390 75.13000 17161.1073
## 1391 76.66000 20660.0194
## 1392 77.92600 25768.2576
## 1393 32.97800 1135.7498
## 1394 34.97700 1258.1474
## 1395 36.98100 1369.4883
## 1396 38.97700 1284.7332
## 1397 40.97300 1254.5761
## 1398 41.97400 1450.9925
## 1399 42.95500 1176.8070
## 1400 44.50100 1093.2450
## 1401 39.65800 926.9603
## 1402 43.79500 930.5964
## 1403 45.93600 882.0818
## 1404 48.15900 926.1411
## 1405 45.00900 4725.2955
## 1406 47.98500 5487.1042
## 1407 49.95100 5768.7297
## 1408 51.92700 7114.4780
## 1409 53.69600 7765.9626
## 1410 55.52700 8028.6514
## 1411 58.16100 8568.2662
## 1412 60.83400 7825.8234
## 1413 61.88800 7225.0693
## 1414 60.23600 7479.1882
## 1415 53.36500 7710.9464
## 1416 49.33900 9269.6578
## 1417 64.94000 3834.0347
## 1418 66.66000 4564.8024
## 1419 69.69000 5693.8439
## 1420 71.44000 7993.5123
## 1421 73.06000 10638.7513
## 1422 74.39000 13236.9212
## 1423 76.30000 13926.1700
## 1424 76.90000 15764.9831
## 1425 77.57000 18603.0645
## 1426 78.77000 20445.2990
## 1427 79.78000 24835.4717
## 1428 80.94100 28821.0637
## 1429 57.59300 1083.5320
## 1430 61.45600 1072.5466
## 1431 62.19200 1074.4720
## 1432 64.26600 1135.5143
## 1433 65.04200 1213.3955
## 1434 65.94900 1348.7757
## 1435 68.75700 1648.0798
## 1436 69.01100 1876.7668
## 1437 70.37900 2153.7392
## 1438 70.45700 2664.4773
## 1439 70.81500 3015.3788
## 1440 72.39600 3970.0954
## 1441 38.63500 1615.9911
## 1442 39.62400 1770.3371
## 1443 40.87000 1959.5938
## 1444 42.85800 1687.9976
## 1445 45.08300 1659.6528
## 1446 47.80000 2202.9884
## 1447 50.33800 1895.5441
## 1448 51.74400 1507.8192
## 1449 53.55600 1492.1970
## 1450 55.37300 1632.2108
## 1451 56.36900 1993.3983
## 1452 58.55600 2602.3950
## 1453 41.40700 1148.3766
## 1454 43.42400 1244.7084
## 1455 44.99200 1856.1821
## 1456 46.63300 2613.1017
## 1457 49.55200 3364.8366
## 1458 52.53700 3781.4106
## 1459 55.56100 3895.3840
## 1460 57.67800 3984.8398
## 1461 58.47400 3553.0224
## 1462 54.28900 3876.7685
## 1463 43.86900 4128.1169
## 1464 39.61300 4513.4806
## 1465 71.86000 8527.8447
## 1466 72.49000 9911.8782
## 1467 73.37000 12329.4419
## 1468 74.16000 15258.2970
## 1469 74.72000 17832.0246
## 1470 75.44000 18855.7252
## 1471 76.42000 20667.3812
## 1472 77.19000 23586.9293
## 1473 78.16000 23880.0168
## 1474 79.39000 25266.5950
## 1475 80.04000 29341.6309
## 1476 80.88400 33859.7484
## 1477 69.62000 14734.2327
## 1478 70.56000 17909.4897
## 1479 71.32000 20431.0927
## 1480 72.77000 22966.1443
## 1481 73.78000 27195.1130
## 1482 75.39000 26982.2905
## 1483 76.21000 28397.7151
## 1484 77.41000 30281.7046
## 1485 78.03000 31871.5303
## 1486 79.37000 32135.3230
## 1487 80.62000 34480.9577
## 1488 81.70100 37506.4191
## 1489 45.88300 1643.4854
## 1490 48.28400 2117.2349
## 1491 50.30500 2193.0371
## 1492 53.65500 1881.9236
## 1493 57.29600 2571.4230
## 1494 61.19500 3195.4846
## 1495 64.59000 3761.8377
## 1496 66.97400 3116.7743
## 1497 69.24900 3340.5428
## 1498 71.52700 4014.2390
## 1499 73.05300 4090.9253
## 1500 74.14300 4184.5481
## 1501 58.50000 1206.9479
## 1502 62.40000 1507.8613
## 1503 65.20000 1822.8790
## 1504 67.50000 2643.8587
## 1505 69.39000 4062.5239
## 1506 70.59000 5596.5198
## 1507 72.16000 7426.3548
## 1508 73.40000 11054.5618
## 1509 74.26000 15215.6579
## 1510 75.25000 20206.8210
## 1511 76.99000 23235.4233
## 1512 78.40000 28718.2768
## 1513 41.21500 716.6501
## 1514 42.97400 698.5356
## 1515 44.24600 722.0038
## 1516 45.75700 848.2187
## 1517 47.62000 915.9851
## 1518 49.91900 962.4923
## 1519 50.60800 874.2426
## 1520 51.53500 831.8221
## 1521 50.44000 825.6825
## 1522 48.46600 789.1862
## 1523 49.65100 899.0742
## 1524 52.51700 1107.4822
## 1525 50.84800 757.7974
## 1526 53.63000 793.5774
## 1527 56.06100 1002.1992
## 1528 58.28500 1295.4607
## 1529 60.40500 1524.3589
## 1530 62.49400 1961.2246
## 1531 64.59700 2393.2198
## 1532 66.08400 2982.6538
## 1533 67.29800 4616.8965
## 1534 67.52100 5852.6255
## 1535 68.56400 5913.1875
## 1536 70.61600 7458.3963
## 1537 38.59600 859.8087
## 1538 41.20800 925.9083
## 1539 43.92200 1067.5348
## 1540 46.76900 1477.5968
## 1541 49.75900 1649.6602
## 1542 52.88700 1532.7770
## 1543 55.47100 1344.5780
## 1544 56.94100 1202.2014
## 1545 58.06100 1034.2989
## 1546 58.39000 982.2869
## 1547 57.56100 886.2206
## 1548 58.42000 882.9699
## 1549 59.10000 3023.2719
## 1550 61.80000 4100.3934
## 1551 64.90000 4997.5240
## 1552 65.40000 5621.3685
## 1553 65.90000 6619.5514
## 1554 68.30000 7899.5542
## 1555 68.83200 9119.5286
## 1556 69.58200 7388.5978
## 1557 69.86200 7370.9909
## 1558 69.46500 8792.5731
## 1559 68.97600 11460.6002
## 1560 69.81900 18008.5092
## 1561 44.60000 1468.4756
## 1562 47.10000 1395.2325
## 1563 49.57900 1660.3032
## 1564 52.05300 1932.3602
## 1565 55.60200 2753.2860
## 1566 59.83700 3120.8768
## 1567 64.04800 3560.2332
## 1568 66.89400 3810.4193
## 1569 70.00100 4332.7202
## 1570 71.97300 4876.7986
## 1571 73.04200 5722.8957
## 1572 73.92300 7092.9230
## 1573 43.58500 1969.1010
## 1574 48.07900 2218.7543
## 1575 52.09800 2322.8699
## 1576 54.33600 2826.3564
## 1577 57.00500 3450.6964
## 1578 59.50700 4269.1223
## 1579 61.03600 4241.3563
## 1580 63.10800 5089.0437
## 1581 66.14600 5678.3483
## 1582 68.83500 6601.4299
## 1583 70.84500 6508.0857
## 1584 71.77700 8458.2764
## 1585 39.97800 734.7535
## 1586 42.57100 774.3711
## 1587 45.34400 767.2717
## 1588 48.05100 908.9185
## 1589 51.01600 950.7359
## 1590 50.35000 843.7331
## 1591 49.84900 682.2662
## 1592 51.50900 617.7244
## 1593 48.82500 644.1708
## 1594 44.57800 816.5591
## 1595 47.81300 927.7210
## 1596 51.54200 1056.3801
## 1597 69.18000 9979.5085
## 1598 70.42000 11283.1779
## 1599 70.76000 12477.1771
## 1600 71.36000 14142.8509
## 1601 72.01000 15895.1164
## 1602 72.76000 17428.7485
## 1603 74.04000 18232.4245
## 1604 75.00700 21664.7877
## 1605 76.42000 22705.0925
## 1606 77.21800 26074.5314
## 1607 78.47100 29478.9992
## 1608 79.42500 33203.2613
## 1609 68.44000 13990.4821
## 1610 69.49000 14847.1271
## 1611 70.21000 16173.1459
## 1612 70.76000 19530.3656
## 1613 71.34000 21806.0359
## 1614 73.38000 24072.6321
## 1615 74.65000 25009.5591
## 1616 75.02000 29884.3504
## 1617 76.09000 32003.9322
## 1618 76.81000 35767.4330
## 1619 77.31000 39097.0995
## 1620 78.24200 42951.6531
## 1621 66.07100 5716.7667
## 1622 67.04400 6150.7730
## 1623 68.25300 5603.3577
## 1624 68.46800 5444.6196
## 1625 68.67300 5703.4089
## 1626 69.48100 6504.3397
## 1627 70.80500 6920.2231
## 1628 71.91800 7452.3990
## 1629 72.75200 8137.0048
## 1630 74.22300 9230.2407
## 1631 75.30700 7727.0020
## 1632 76.38400 10611.4630
## 1633 55.08800 7689.7998
## 1634 57.90700 9802.4665
## 1635 60.77000 8422.9742
## 1636 63.47900 9541.4742
## 1637 65.71200 10505.2597
## 1638 67.45600 13143.9510
## 1639 68.55700 11152.4101
## 1640 70.19000 9883.5846
## 1641 71.15000 10733.9263
## 1642 72.14600 10165.4952
## 1643 72.76600 8605.0478
## 1644 73.74700 11415.8057
## 1645 40.41200 605.0665
## 1646 42.88700 676.2854
## 1647 45.36300 772.0492
## 1648 47.83800 637.1233
## 1649 50.25400 699.5016
## 1650 55.76400 713.5371
## 1651 58.81600 707.2358
## 1652 62.82000 820.7994
## 1653 67.66200 989.0231
## 1654 70.67200 1385.8968
## 1655 73.01700 1764.4567
## 1656 74.24900 2441.5764
## 1657 43.16000 1515.5923
## 1658 45.67100 1827.0677
## 1659 48.12700 2198.9563
## 1660 51.63100 2649.7150
## 1661 56.53200 3133.4093
## 1662 60.76500 3682.8315
## 1663 64.40600 4336.0321
## 1664 67.04600 5107.1974
## 1665 69.71800 6017.6548
## 1666 71.09600 7110.6676
## 1667 72.37000 4515.4876
## 1668 73.42200 3025.3498
## 1669 32.54800 781.7176
## 1670 33.97000 804.8305
## 1671 35.18000 825.6232
## 1672 36.98400 862.4421
## 1673 39.84800 1265.0470
## 1674 44.17500 1829.7652
## 1675 49.11300 1977.5570
## 1676 52.92200 1971.7415
## 1677 55.59900 1879.4967
## 1678 58.02000 2117.4845
## 1679 60.30800 2234.8208
## 1680 62.69800 2280.7699
## 1681 42.03800 1147.3888
## 1682 44.07700 1311.9568
## 1683 46.02300 1452.7258
## 1684 47.76800 1777.0773
## 1685 50.10700 1773.4983
## 1686 51.38600 1588.6883
## 1687 51.82100 1408.6786
## 1688 50.82100 1213.3151
## 1689 46.10000 1210.8846
## 1690 40.23800 1071.3538
## 1691 39.19300 1071.6139
## 1692 42.38400 1271.2116
## 1693 48.45100 406.8841
## 1694 50.46900 518.7643
## 1695 52.35800 527.2722
## 1696 53.99500 569.7951
## 1697 55.63500 799.3622
## 1698 57.67400 685.5877
## 1699 60.36300 788.8550
## 1700 62.35100 706.1573
## 1701 60.37700 693.4208
## 1702 46.80900 792.4500
## 1703 39.98900 672.0386
## 1704 43.48700 469.7093#Extract the rows where the life expectancy is longer the 80 years
gapminder[gapminder$lifeExp > 80, ]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 71 Australia 2002 19546792 Oceania 80.370 30687.75
## 72 Australia 2007 20434176 Oceania 81.235 34435.37
## 252 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.24
## 540 France 2007 61083916 Europe 80.657 30470.02
## 671 Hong Kong China 2002 6762476 Asia 81.495 30209.02
## 672 Hong Kong China 2007 6980412 Asia 82.208 39724.98
## 695 Iceland 2002 288030 Europe 80.500 31163.20
## 696 Iceland 2007 301931 Europe 81.757 36180.79
## 768 Israel 2007 6426679 Asia 80.745 25523.28
## 779 Italy 2002 57926999 Europe 80.240 27968.10
## 780 Italy 2007 58147733 Europe 80.546 28569.72
## 802 Japan 1997 125956499 Asia 80.690 28816.58
## 803 Japan 2002 127065841 Asia 82.000 28604.59
## 804 Japan 2007 127467972 Asia 82.603 31656.07
## 1104 New Zealand 2007 4115771 Oceania 80.204 25185.01
## 1152 Norway 2007 4627926 Europe 80.196 49357.19
## 1428 Spain 2007 40448191 Europe 80.941 28821.06
## 1475 Sweden 2002 8954175 Europe 80.040 29341.63
## 1476 Sweden 2007 9031088 Europe 80.884 33859.75
## 1487 Switzerland 2002 7361757 Europe 80.620 34480.96
## 1488 Switzerland 2007 7554661 Europe 81.701 37506.42#Extract the first row, and the fourth and fifth columns (lifeExp and gdpPercap).
gapminder[1, c(4, 5)]## continent lifeExp
## 1 Asia 28.801#Advanced: extract rows that contain information for the years 2002 and 2007
gapminder[gapminder$year %in% c(2002, 2007), ]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 11 Afghanistan 2002 25268405 Asia 42.129 726.7341
## 12 Afghanistan 2007 31889923 Asia 43.828 974.5803
## 23 Albania 2002 3508512 Europe 75.651 4604.2117
## 24 Albania 2007 3600523 Europe 76.423 5937.0295
## 35 Algeria 2002 31287142 Africa 70.994 5288.0404
## 36 Algeria 2007 33333216 Africa 72.301 6223.3675
## 47 Angola 2002 10866106 Africa 41.003 2773.2873
## 48 Angola 2007 12420476 Africa 42.731 4797.2313
## 59 Argentina 2002 38331121 Americas 74.340 8797.6407
## 60 Argentina 2007 40301927 Americas 75.320 12779.3796
## 71 Australia 2002 19546792 Oceania 80.370 30687.7547
## 72 Australia 2007 20434176 Oceania 81.235 34435.3674
## 83 Austria 2002 8148312 Europe 78.980 32417.6077
## 84 Austria 2007 8199783 Europe 79.829 36126.4927
## 95 Bahrain 2002 656397 Asia 74.795 23403.5593
## 96 Bahrain 2007 708573 Asia 75.635 29796.0483
## 107 Bangladesh 2002 135656790 Asia 62.013 1136.3904
## 108 Bangladesh 2007 150448339 Asia 64.062 1391.2538
## 119 Belgium 2002 10311970 Europe 78.320 30485.8838
## 120 Belgium 2007 10392226 Europe 79.441 33692.6051
## 131 Benin 2002 7026113 Africa 54.406 1372.8779
## 132 Benin 2007 8078314 Africa 56.728 1441.2849
## 143 Bolivia 2002 8445134 Americas 63.883 3413.2627
## 144 Bolivia 2007 9119152 Americas 65.554 3822.1371
## 155 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002 4165416 Europe 74.090 6018.9752
## 156 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 4552198 Europe 74.852 7446.2988
## 167 Botswana 2002 1630347 Africa 46.634 11003.6051
## 168 Botswana 2007 1639131 Africa 50.728 12569.8518
## 179 Brazil 2002 179914212 Americas 71.006 8131.2128
## 180 Brazil 2007 190010647 Americas 72.390 9065.8008
## 191 Bulgaria 2002 7661799 Europe 72.140 7696.7777
## 192 Bulgaria 2007 7322858 Europe 73.005 10680.7928
## 203 Burkina Faso 2002 12251209 Africa 50.650 1037.6452
## 204 Burkina Faso 2007 14326203 Africa 52.295 1217.0330
## 215 Burundi 2002 7021078 Africa 47.360 446.4035
## 216 Burundi 2007 8390505 Africa 49.580 430.0707
## 227 Cambodia 2002 12926707 Asia 56.752 896.2260
## 228 Cambodia 2007 14131858 Asia 59.723 1713.7787
## 239 Cameroon 2002 15929988 Africa 49.856 1934.0114
## 240 Cameroon 2007 17696293 Africa 50.430 2042.0952
## 251 Canada 2002 31902268 Americas 79.770 33328.9651
## 252 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.2350
## 263 Central African Republic 2002 4048013 Africa 43.308 738.6906
## 264 Central African Republic 2007 4369038 Africa 44.741 706.0165
## 275 Chad 2002 8835739 Africa 50.525 1156.1819
## 276 Chad 2007 10238807 Africa 50.651 1704.0637
## 287 Chile 2002 15497046 Americas 77.860 10778.7838
## 288 Chile 2007 16284741 Americas 78.553 13171.6388
## 299 China 2002 1280400000 Asia 72.028 3119.2809
## 300 China 2007 1318683096 Asia 72.961 4959.1149
## 311 Colombia 2002 41008227 Americas 71.682 5755.2600
## 312 Colombia 2007 44227550 Americas 72.889 7006.5804
## 323 Comoros 2002 614382 Africa 62.974 1075.8116
## 324 Comoros 2007 710960 Africa 65.152 986.1479
## 335 Congo Dem. Rep. 2002 55379852 Africa 44.966 241.1659
## 336 Congo Dem. Rep. 2007 64606759 Africa 46.462 277.5519
## 347 Congo Rep. 2002 3328795 Africa 52.970 3484.0620
## 348 Congo Rep. 2007 3800610 Africa 55.322 3632.5578
## 359 Costa Rica 2002 3834934 Americas 78.123 7723.4472
## 360 Costa Rica 2007 4133884 Americas 78.782 9645.0614
## 371 Cote d'Ivoire 2002 16252726 Africa 46.832 1648.8008
## 372 Cote d'Ivoire 2007 18013409 Africa 48.328 1544.7501
## 383 Croatia 2002 4481020 Europe 74.876 11628.3890
## 384 Croatia 2007 4493312 Europe 75.748 14619.2227
## 395 Cuba 2002 11226999 Americas 77.158 6340.6467
## 396 Cuba 2007 11416987 Americas 78.273 8948.1029
## 407 Czech Republic 2002 10256295 Europe 75.510 17596.2102
## 408 Czech Republic 2007 10228744 Europe 76.486 22833.3085
## 419 Denmark 2002 5374693 Europe 77.180 32166.5001
## 420 Denmark 2007 5468120 Europe 78.332 35278.4187
## 431 Djibouti 2002 447416 Africa 53.373 1908.2609
## 432 Djibouti 2007 496374 Africa 54.791 2082.4816
## 443 Dominican Republic 2002 8650322 Americas 70.847 4563.8082
## 444 Dominican Republic 2007 9319622 Americas 72.235 6025.3748
## 455 Ecuador 2002 12921234 Americas 74.173 5773.0445
## 456 Ecuador 2007 13755680 Americas 74.994 6873.2623
## 467 Egypt 2002 73312559 Africa 69.806 4754.6044
## 468 Egypt 2007 80264543 Africa 71.338 5581.1810
## 479 El Salvador 2002 6353681 Americas 70.734 5351.5687
## 480 El Salvador 2007 6939688 Americas 71.878 5728.3535
## 491 Equatorial Guinea 2002 495627 Africa 49.348 7703.4959
## 492 Equatorial Guinea 2007 551201 Africa 51.579 12154.0897
## 503 Eritrea 2002 4414865 Africa 55.240 765.3500
## 504 Eritrea 2007 4906585 Africa 58.040 641.3695
## 515 Ethiopia 2002 67946797 Africa 50.725 530.0535
## 516 Ethiopia 2007 76511887 Africa 52.947 690.8056
## 527 Finland 2002 5193039 Europe 78.370 28204.5906
## 528 Finland 2007 5238460 Europe 79.313 33207.0844
## 539 France 2002 59925035 Europe 79.590 28926.0323
## 540 France 2007 61083916 Europe 80.657 30470.0167
## 551 Gabon 2002 1299304 Africa 56.761 12521.7139
## 552 Gabon 2007 1454867 Africa 56.735 13206.4845
## 563 Gambia 2002 1457766 Africa 58.041 660.5856
## 564 Gambia 2007 1688359 Africa 59.448 752.7497
## 575 Germany 2002 82350671 Europe 78.670 30035.8020
## 576 Germany 2007 82400996 Europe 79.406 32170.3744
## 587 Ghana 2002 20550751 Africa 58.453 1111.9846
## 588 Ghana 2007 22873338 Africa 60.022 1327.6089
## 599 Greece 2002 10603863 Europe 78.256 22514.2548
## 600 Greece 2007 10706290 Europe 79.483 27538.4119
## 611 Guatemala 2002 11178650 Americas 68.978 4858.3475
## 612 Guatemala 2007 12572928 Americas 70.259 5186.0500
## 623 Guinea 2002 8807818 Africa 53.676 945.5836
## 624 Guinea 2007 9947814 Africa 56.007 942.6542
## 635 Guinea-Bissau 2002 1332459 Africa 45.504 575.7047
## 636 Guinea-Bissau 2007 1472041 Africa 46.388 579.2317
## 647 Haiti 2002 7607651 Americas 58.137 1270.3649
## 648 Haiti 2007 8502814 Americas 60.916 1201.6372
## 659 Honduras 2002 6677328 Americas 68.565 3099.7287
## 660 Honduras 2007 7483763 Americas 70.198 3548.3308
## 671 Hong Kong China 2002 6762476 Asia 81.495 30209.0152
## 672 Hong Kong China 2007 6980412 Asia 82.208 39724.9787
## 683 Hungary 2002 10083313 Europe 72.590 14843.9356
## 684 Hungary 2007 9956108 Europe 73.338 18008.9444
## 695 Iceland 2002 288030 Europe 80.500 31163.2020
## 696 Iceland 2007 301931 Europe 81.757 36180.7892
## 707 India 2002 1034172547 Asia 62.879 1746.7695
## 708 India 2007 1110396331 Asia 64.698 2452.2104
## 719 Indonesia 2002 211060000 Asia 68.588 2873.9129
## 720 Indonesia 2007 223547000 Asia 70.650 3540.6516
## 731 Iran 2002 66907826 Asia 69.451 9240.7620
## 732 Iran 2007 69453570 Asia 70.964 11605.7145
## 743 Iraq 2002 24001816 Asia 57.046 4390.7173
## 744 Iraq 2007 27499638 Asia 59.545 4471.0619
## 755 Ireland 2002 3879155 Europe 77.783 34077.0494
## 756 Ireland 2007 4109086 Europe 78.885 40675.9964
## 767 Israel 2002 6029529 Asia 79.696 21905.5951
## 768 Israel 2007 6426679 Asia 80.745 25523.2771
## 779 Italy 2002 57926999 Europe 80.240 27968.0982
## 780 Italy 2007 58147733 Europe 80.546 28569.7197
## 791 Jamaica 2002 2664659 Americas 72.047 6994.7749
## 792 Jamaica 2007 2780132 Americas 72.567 7320.8803
## 803 Japan 2002 127065841 Asia 82.000 28604.5919
## 804 Japan 2007 127467972 Asia 82.603 31656.0681
## 815 Jordan 2002 5307470 Asia 71.263 3844.9172
## 816 Jordan 2007 6053193 Asia 72.535 4519.4612
## 827 Kenya 2002 31386842 Africa 50.992 1287.5147
## 828 Kenya 2007 35610177 Africa 54.110 1463.2493
## 839 Korea Dem. Rep. 2002 22215365 Asia 66.662 1646.7582
## 840 Korea Dem. Rep. 2007 23301725 Asia 67.297 1593.0655
## 851 Korea Rep. 2002 47969150 Asia 77.045 19233.9882
## 852 Korea Rep. 2007 49044790 Asia 78.623 23348.1397
## 863 Kuwait 2002 2111561 Asia 76.904 35110.1057
## 864 Kuwait 2007 2505559 Asia 77.588 47306.9898
## 875 Lebanon 2002 3677780 Asia 71.028 9313.9388
## 876 Lebanon 2007 3921278 Asia 71.993 10461.0587
## 887 Lesotho 2002 2046772 Africa 44.593 1275.1846
## 888 Lesotho 2007 2012649 Africa 42.592 1569.3314
## 899 Liberia 2002 2814651 Africa 43.753 531.4824
## 900 Liberia 2007 3193942 Africa 45.678 414.5073
## 911 Libya 2002 5368585 Africa 72.737 9534.6775
## 912 Libya 2007 6036914 Africa 73.952 12057.4993
## 923 Madagascar 2002 16473477 Africa 57.286 894.6371
## 924 Madagascar 2007 19167654 Africa 59.443 1044.7701
## 935 Malawi 2002 11824495 Africa 45.009 665.4231
## 936 Malawi 2007 13327079 Africa 48.303 759.3499
## 947 Malaysia 2002 22662365 Asia 73.044 10206.9779
## 948 Malaysia 2007 24821286 Asia 74.241 12451.6558
## 959 Mali 2002 10580176 Africa 51.818 951.4098
## 960 Mali 2007 12031795 Africa 54.467 1042.5816
## 971 Mauritania 2002 2828858 Africa 62.247 1579.0195
## 972 Mauritania 2007 3270065 Africa 64.164 1803.1515
## 983 Mauritius 2002 1200206 Africa 71.954 9021.8159
## 984 Mauritius 2007 1250882 Africa 72.801 10956.9911
## 995 Mexico 2002 102479927 Americas 74.902 10742.4405
## 996 Mexico 2007 108700891 Americas 76.195 11977.5750
## 1007 Mongolia 2002 2674234 Asia 65.033 2140.7393
## 1008 Mongolia 2007 2874127 Asia 66.803 3095.7723
## 1019 Montenegro 2002 720230 Europe 73.981 6557.1943
## 1020 Montenegro 2007 684736 Europe 74.543 9253.8961
## 1031 Morocco 2002 31167783 Africa 69.615 3258.4956
## 1032 Morocco 2007 33757175 Africa 71.164 3820.1752
## 1043 Mozambique 2002 18473780 Africa 44.026 633.6179
## 1044 Mozambique 2007 19951656 Africa 42.082 823.6856
## 1055 Myanmar 2002 45598081 Asia 59.908 611.0000
## 1056 Myanmar 2007 47761980 Asia 62.069 944.0000
## 1067 Namibia 2002 1972153 Africa 51.479 4072.3248
## 1068 Namibia 2007 2055080 Africa 52.906 4811.0604
## 1079 Nepal 2002 25873917 Asia 61.340 1057.2063
## 1080 Nepal 2007 28901790 Asia 63.785 1091.3598
## 1091 Netherlands 2002 16122830 Europe 78.530 33724.7578
## 1092 Netherlands 2007 16570613 Europe 79.762 36797.9333
## 1103 New Zealand 2002 3908037 Oceania 79.110 23189.8014
## 1104 New Zealand 2007 4115771 Oceania 80.204 25185.0091
## 1115 Nicaragua 2002 5146848 Americas 70.836 2474.5488
## 1116 Nicaragua 2007 5675356 Americas 72.899 2749.3210
## 1127 Niger 2002 11140655 Africa 54.496 601.0745
## 1128 Niger 2007 12894865 Africa 56.867 619.6769
## 1139 Nigeria 2002 119901274 Africa 46.608 1615.2864
## 1140 Nigeria 2007 135031164 Africa 46.859 2013.9773
## 1151 Norway 2002 4535591 Europe 79.050 44683.9753
## 1152 Norway 2007 4627926 Europe 80.196 49357.1902
## 1163 Oman 2002 2713462 Asia 74.193 19774.8369
## 1164 Oman 2007 3204897 Asia 75.640 22316.1929
## 1175 Pakistan 2002 153403524 Asia 63.610 2092.7124
## 1176 Pakistan 2007 169270617 Asia 65.483 2605.9476
## 1187 Panama 2002 2990875 Americas 74.712 7356.0319
## 1188 Panama 2007 3242173 Americas 75.537 9809.1856
## 1199 Paraguay 2002 5884491 Americas 70.755 3783.6742
## 1200 Paraguay 2007 6667147 Americas 71.752 4172.8385
## 1211 Peru 2002 26769436 Americas 69.906 5909.0201
## 1212 Peru 2007 28674757 Americas 71.421 7408.9056
## 1223 Philippines 2002 82995088 Asia 70.303 2650.9211
## 1224 Philippines 2007 91077287 Asia 71.688 3190.4810
## 1235 Poland 2002 38625976 Europe 74.670 12002.2391
## 1236 Poland 2007 38518241 Europe 75.563 15389.9247
## 1247 Portugal 2002 10433867 Europe 77.290 19970.9079
## 1248 Portugal 2007 10642836 Europe 78.098 20509.6478
## 1259 Puerto Rico 2002 3859606 Americas 77.778 18855.6062
## 1260 Puerto Rico 2007 3942491 Americas 78.746 19328.7090
## 1271 Reunion 2002 743981 Africa 75.744 6316.1652
## 1272 Reunion 2007 798094 Africa 76.442 7670.1226
## 1283 Romania 2002 22404337 Europe 71.322 7885.3601
## 1284 Romania 2007 22276056 Europe 72.476 10808.4756
## 1295 Rwanda 2002 7852401 Africa 43.413 785.6538
## 1296 Rwanda 2007 8860588 Africa 46.242 863.0885
## 1307 Sao Tome and Principe 2002 170372 Africa 64.337 1353.0924
## 1308 Sao Tome and Principe 2007 199579 Africa 65.528 1598.4351
## 1319 Saudi Arabia 2002 24501530 Asia 71.626 19014.5412
## 1320 Saudi Arabia 2007 27601038 Asia 72.777 21654.8319
## 1331 Senegal 2002 10870037 Africa 61.600 1519.6353
## 1332 Senegal 2007 12267493 Africa 63.062 1712.4721
## 1343 Serbia 2002 10111559 Europe 73.213 7236.0753
## 1344 Serbia 2007 10150265 Europe 74.002 9786.5347
## 1355 Sierra Leone 2002 5359092 Africa 41.012 699.4897
## 1356 Sierra Leone 2007 6144562 Africa 42.568 862.5408
## 1367 Singapore 2002 4197776 Asia 78.770 36023.1054
## 1368 Singapore 2007 4553009 Asia 79.972 47143.1796
## 1379 Slovak Republic 2002 5410052 Europe 73.800 13638.7784
## 1380 Slovak Republic 2007 5447502 Europe 74.663 18678.3144
## 1391 Slovenia 2002 2011497 Europe 76.660 20660.0194
## 1392 Slovenia 2007 2009245 Europe 77.926 25768.2576
## 1403 Somalia 2002 7753310 Africa 45.936 882.0818
## 1404 Somalia 2007 9118773 Africa 48.159 926.1411
## 1415 South Africa 2002 44433622 Africa 53.365 7710.9464
## 1416 South Africa 2007 43997828 Africa 49.339 9269.6578
## 1427 Spain 2002 40152517 Europe 79.780 24835.4717
## 1428 Spain 2007 40448191 Europe 80.941 28821.0637
## 1439 Sri Lanka 2002 19576783 Asia 70.815 3015.3788
## 1440 Sri Lanka 2007 20378239 Asia 72.396 3970.0954
## 1451 Sudan 2002 37090298 Africa 56.369 1993.3983
## 1452 Sudan 2007 42292929 Africa 58.556 2602.3950
## 1463 Swaziland 2002 1130269 Africa 43.869 4128.1169
## 1464 Swaziland 2007 1133066 Africa 39.613 4513.4806
## 1475 Sweden 2002 8954175 Europe 80.040 29341.6309
## 1476 Sweden 2007 9031088 Europe 80.884 33859.7484
## 1487 Switzerland 2002 7361757 Europe 80.620 34480.9577
## 1488 Switzerland 2007 7554661 Europe 81.701 37506.4191
## 1499 Syria 2002 17155814 Asia 73.053 4090.9253
## 1500 Syria 2007 19314747 Asia 74.143 4184.5481
## 1511 Taiwan 2002 22454239 Asia 76.990 23235.4233
## 1512 Taiwan 2007 23174294 Asia 78.400 28718.2768
## 1523 Tanzania 2002 34593779 Africa 49.651 899.0742
## 1524 Tanzania 2007 38139640 Africa 52.517 1107.4822
## 1535 Thailand 2002 62806748 Asia 68.564 5913.1875
## 1536 Thailand 2007 65068149 Asia 70.616 7458.3963
## 1547 Togo 2002 4977378 Africa 57.561 886.2206
## 1548 Togo 2007 5701579 Africa 58.420 882.9699
## 1559 Trinidad and Tobago 2002 1101832 Americas 68.976 11460.6002
## 1560 Trinidad and Tobago 2007 1056608 Americas 69.819 18008.5092
## 1571 Tunisia 2002 9770575 Africa 73.042 5722.8957
## 1572 Tunisia 2007 10276158 Africa 73.923 7092.9230
## 1583 Turkey 2002 67308928 Europe 70.845 6508.0857
## 1584 Turkey 2007 71158647 Europe 71.777 8458.2764
## 1595 Uganda 2002 24739869 Africa 47.813 927.7210
## 1596 Uganda 2007 29170398 Africa 51.542 1056.3801
## 1607 United Kingdom 2002 59912431 Europe 78.471 29478.9992
## 1608 United Kingdom 2007 60776238 Europe 79.425 33203.2613
## 1619 United States 2002 287675526 Americas 77.310 39097.0995
## 1620 United States 2007 301139947 Americas 78.242 42951.6531
## 1631 Uruguay 2002 3363085 Americas 75.307 7727.0020
## 1632 Uruguay 2007 3447496 Americas 76.384 10611.4630
## 1643 Venezuela 2002 24287670 Americas 72.766 8605.0478
## 1644 Venezuela 2007 26084662 Americas 73.747 11415.8057
## 1655 Vietnam 2002 80908147 Asia 73.017 1764.4567
## 1656 Vietnam 2007 85262356 Asia 74.249 2441.5764
## 1667 West Bank and Gaza 2002 3389578 Asia 72.370 4515.4876
## 1668 West Bank and Gaza 2007 4018332 Asia 73.422 3025.3498
## 1679 Yemen Rep. 2002 18701257 Asia 60.308 2234.8208
## 1680 Yemen Rep. 2007 22211743 Asia 62.698 2280.7699
## 1691 Zambia 2002 10595811 Africa 39.193 1071.6139
## 1692 Zambia 2007 11746035 Africa 42.384 1271.2116
## 1703 Zimbabwe 2002 11926563 Africa 39.989 672.0386
## 1704 Zimbabwe 2007 12311143 Africa 43.487 469.7093# Challenge 8
#1. gapminder[1:20] returns an error because gapminder is a 2D object with rows and columns.
#2.
gapminder_small <- rbind(gapminder[1:9, ], gapminder[19:23, ])Creating Publication-Quality Graphics
library("ggplot2")
# Challenge 1
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()
# Challenge 2
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) + geom_point()
# Challenge 3
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) +
geom_point() +
geom_line(aes(color=continent)) # The line layer is now on top.
# Challenge 4a
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point(color = "red", size = 2) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)
# Challenge 4b
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) +
geom_point(color = "red", size = 2, aes(pch = continent)) + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)
# Challenge 5
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, fill = continent)) +
geom_density(alpha = 0.5) + facet_wrap(~year) + scale_x_log10()